ON THE CONTROL OF AUTOMATIC PROCESSES - A PARALLEL DISTRIBUTED-PROCESSING ACCOUNT OF THE STROOP EFFECT
ON THE CONTROL OF AUTOMATIC PROCESSES - A PARALLEL DISTRIBUTED-PROCESSING ACCOUNT OF THE STROOP EFFECT
复制标题
DOI：
10.1037/0033-295x.97.3.332
复制
发表时间：
1990-07-01
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
MCCLELLAND, JL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
COHEN, JD;DUNBAR, K;MCCLELLAND, JL
传统的自动性观点需要修正。例如，自动性通常被视为一种全有或全无的现象，传统理论认为自动过程与注意力无关。然而，最近的经验数据表明，自动过程是连续的，而且还受到注意力控制。为了解决这些问题，本文提出了一个注意力模型。在并行分布式处理框架中，提出了自动属性取决于处理路径的强度，并且强度随训练而增加。以Stroop效应为例，证明了自动过程是连续的，并随着实践逐渐出现。具体来说，Stroop任务的计算模型模拟了处理的时间过程以及学习的效果。这是通过将McClelland（1979）描述的级联机制与反向传播学习算法（Rumelhart, Hinton, & Williams, 1986）相结合来实现的。该模型可以模拟标准Stroop任务的表现，以及该任务的各种变体的表现，这些变体操纵刺激启动的异步性、反应集和练习程度。提出的模型与其他模型进行了对比，并讨论了它与文献中关于注意、自动性和干扰的许多中心问题的关系。
Traditional views of automaticity are in need of revision. For example, automaticity often has been treated as an all-or-none phenomenon, and traditional theories have held that automatic processes are independent of attention. Yet recent empirical data suggest that automatic processes are continuous, and furthermore are subject to attentional control. A model of attention is presented to address these issues. Within a parallel distributed processing framework, it is proposed that the attributes of automaticity depend on the strength of a processing pathway and that strength increases with training. With the Stroop effect as an example, automatic processes are shown to be continuous and to emerge gradually with practice. Specifically, a computational model of the Stroop task simulates the time course of processing as well as the effects of learning. This was accomplished by combining the cascade mechanism described by McClelland (1979) with the backpropagation learning algorithm (Rumelhart, Hinton, & Williams, 1986). The model can simulate performance in the standard Stroop task, as well as aspects of performance in variants of this task that manipulate stimulus-onset asynchrony, response set, and degree of practice. The model presented is contrasted against other models, and its relation to many of the central issues in the literature on attention, automaticity, and interference is discussed.