Extracellular vesicles in the tumour microenvironment.
Extracellular vesicles in the tumour microenvironment.
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肿瘤微环境中的细胞外囊泡。
DOI：
10.1098/rstb.2016.0475
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Carter DRF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Carter DRF
癌症是一种毁灭性的疾病，影响着全世界数百万人的生活。经过全球数千名科学家和临床医生多年的努力，某些类型癌症患者的总体生存率得到了显著提高。然而，某些癌症的总体存活率仍然很低。因此，必须设计新的研究途径，以刺激药物开发的新机会，并确定用于早期诊断和疾病监测的新工具。一个这样的新兴领域的深入研究是肿瘤微环境的概念。癌细胞不是作为一个均匀的团块生长，与其他细胞类型分离存在，而是在肿瘤环境中与其他细胞协同生长。这些基质细胞在正常情况下支持健康组织的功能，包围并灌注肿瘤肿块并与癌细胞相互作用。肿瘤微环境中的这种双向交流通常会导致基质细胞的破坏，使它们不适当地刺激和支持肿瘤的生长。了解肿瘤微环境中不同细胞之间的通讯机制和信号机制有望成为开发新疗法的关键，这些疗法可以阻断癌症的支持机制。细胞外囊泡（EVs）是由细胞释放到细胞外空间的脂质结合的小囊泡。最初认为它们只是一种废物排出的形式，现在人们知道它们是调节细胞间对话的重要信使。囊泡可以通过内吞或融合事件将复杂的大分子货物运送到受体细胞内部。它们可以直接将蛋白质/脂质传递到受体细胞膜，并提供配体来触发信号受体。因此，一个细胞可以通过带有特定类型货物（如核酸或蛋白质）的ev的转移来影响另一个细胞的表型。EVs已被证明具有多种作用，包括调节免疫系统、血管生成和应激反应。重要的是，它们的失调可能具有病理作用，它们的异常功能与癌症有关。这两个新领域的结合使得研究人员开始研究ev在肿瘤微环境中的作用。这种学科的融合已经导致了令人兴奋的新见解，肿瘤是如何受到肿瘤和间质细胞之间的ev介导的通讯的影响的。就像任何有希望的新领域一样，它需要培育和支持。因此，英国皇家学会于2017年1月举行了一场名为“细胞外囊泡和肿瘤微环境”的科学会议。这次激动人心的会议出席率很高，因此出版了《哲学汇刊b》特别版。在这一期特别版中，我们首先对主题和会议b[1]作了更详细的介绍。特别版的其余部分，包括评论，观点和研究文章，描述了EV生物学的各个方面
Cancer is a devastating disease that touches the lives of millions of people around the world. After many years of work by thousands of scientists and clinicians around the globe, the overall survival of people who acquire certain types of cancer has been dramatically improved. However, the overall survival rates for some forms of cancer remain stubbornly low. It is, therefore, imperative to devise novel avenues of study to stimulate new opportunities for drug development, and identification of new tools for early diagnosis and disease monitoring. One such emerging area of intensive research is the concept of the tumour microenvironment. Cancer cells do not grow as a homogeneous mass, existing in isolation from other cell types, but rather in collaboration with other cells in the environment of the tumour. These stromal cells, which under normal conditions support the function of healthy tissues, surround and perfuse the tumour mass and interact with cancer cells. This bi-directional communication in the tumour microenvironment often leads to the corruption of the stromal cells, allowing them to inappropriately stimulate and support the growth of the tumour. Understanding mechanisms of communication and the signalling mechanisms between the different cells of the tumour microenvironment holds promise as the key to developing new therapeutics that could block cancer’s support mechanism.Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small lipid-bounded vesicles released by cells into the extracellular space. Initially thought of as merely a form of waste expulsion, they are now known to be important messengers mediating the dialogue between cells. The vesicles can deliver complex macromolecular cargo to the inside of recipient cells through endocytic or fusion events. They can directly deliver protein/lipid to the recipient cell membrane and provide ligands to trigger signalling receptors. One cell can, therefore, affect the phenotype of another cell via the transfer of EVs with specific types of cargo such as nucleic acid or protein. EVs have been shown to have a number of roles, including in regulating the immune system, angiogenesis and stress responses. Importantly, their dysregulation can have pathological effects, and their abnormal function has been implicated in cancer. The combination of these two novel fields has led researchers to study the role of EVs in the tumour microenvironment. This convergence of disciplines has led to exciting new insights into the way in which tumours are affected by EV-mediated communication between cancer and stromal cells. Like any new field with promise it needs to be nurtured and supported. For this reason the Royal Society held a Science Meeting in January 2017 entitled ‘Extracellular Vesicles and the Tumour Microenvironment’. This exciting meeting was well attended and resulted in this special edition of the Philosophical Transactions B. In this special edition, we start with a more detailed introduction to the topic and the meeting [1]. The rest of the special edition, which includes reviews, opinion pieces and research articles, describes various aspects of EV biology