Fossil insects and ecosystem dynamics in wetlands: implications for biodiversity and conservation
Fossil insects and ecosystem dynamics in wetlands: implications for biodiversity and conservation
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湿地昆虫化石和生态系统动态：对生物多样性和保护的影响
DOI：
10.1007/s10531-008-9411-7
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发表时间：
2008
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Whitehouse N
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Whitehouse N
本文综述了古沉积物中昆虫化石，特别是鞘翅目（甲虫）和摇蚊科（不咬人的蠓）在湿地生态系统及其生态和恢复过程研究中的应用。我们特别关注两种截然不同的生态系统，借鉴了我们对英国沼泽泥炭地和浅湖系统的研究，一种本质上是陆地生态系统，另一种是水生生态系统，但湿地昆虫在其中发挥了重要而不可或缺的作用。对沼泽泥炭的研究表明，动物稳定性是这些湿地系统的一个特征，在很长的一段时间内（长达几千年），而对浅湖生态系统最近时间尺度的研究表明，动物不稳定性似乎更常见，通常是由富营养化增加引起的。根据一系列从南约克郡哈特菲尔德摩尔（Hatfield Moors）采集的数千年来的化石记录，我们详细地重建了泥炭的形成过程以及现场水文和植被覆盖的波动，说明了基质、地形和泥炭发育之间的密切联系。化石和现代甲虫种群的比较表明，这个泥炭沼泽及其邻近的索恩沼泽的动物特征在泥炭发展的早期阶段就已经建立起来，包括其罕见的地方性特征，而今天这些遗址上的动物多样性是由复杂的遗址历史决定的。这些动物群最重要的特征是几千年来的稳定性，这对退化地点的恢复具有重要意义，特别是那些保护区有限的地方。相比之下，对来自浅湖的手摇虫化石的分析使研究人员能够追踪湖泊状态的变化，并且在试图定量重建营养水平变化的同时，手摇虫间接地响应这种变化，通常通过复杂的生态系统动态（如鱼类和/或大型植物群落的变化）来调节。这些变化通过历史上的chironomid地层学和来自英国各地一系列浅湖的多样性指数来说明：Slapton Ley， Frensham Great Pond, Fleet Pond， Kyre Pool和Barnes Loch。这些地点在最近的时间尺度上显示出不同程度的富营养化，这往往与手摇鱼多样性的下降有关。虽然这些生态系统中存在复杂的功能过程，但我们的证据表明，浅水湖摇尾鱼多样性丧失的关键驱动因素之一似乎是水生植物的丧失。总的来说，虽然摇尾虫确实对改变的营养制度有明确的反应，但建议通过多代理重建来清楚地解释过去的变化。我们的结论是，如果我们要在生态系统层面上更好地了解生物群，我们需要更多地了解不同昆虫群体之间以及与其他动植物群落之间的复杂相互作用。因此，古生态学方法对于评估昆虫群体在生态系统过程中的作用至关重要，无论是在最近的过去还是在很长的时间尺度上，对于参与湿地系统长期管理和恢复的湿地管理者和保护组织来说都是必不可少的
We review the uses of fossil insects, particularly Coleoptera (beetles) and Chironomidae (non-biting midges) from ancient deposits to inform the study of wetland ecosystems and their ecological and restoration processes. In particular, we focus on two contrasting ecosystems, drawing upon research undertaken by us on British raised mire peats and shallow lake systems, one an essentially terrestrial ecosystem, the other aquatic, but in which wetland insects play an important and integral part. The study of raised mire peats suggests that faunal stability is a characteristic of these wetland systems, over what appear to be extensive periods of time (up to several millennia), whilst studies of shallow lake ecosystems over recent timescales indicates that faunal instability appears to be more common, usually driven by increasing eutrophication. Drawing upon a series of fossil Coleoptera records spanning several thousand years from Hatfield Moors, south Yorkshire, we reconstruct in some detail the mire’s ontogeny and fluctuations in site hydrology and vegetation cover, illustrating the intimate association between substrate, topography and peat development. A comparison between fossil and modern beetle populations indicates that the faunal characteristics of this mire and its adjacent neighbour, Thorne Moors, become established during the early phases of peat development, including its rare endemics, and that the faunal biodiversity on the sites today is dictated by complex site histories. The over-riding characteristic of these faunas is of stability over several thousand years, which has important implications for the restoration of degraded sites, especially those where refugial areas are limited. In contrast, analyses of fossil Chironomidae from shallow lakes allow researchers to track changes in limnological status and while attempts have been made to reconstruct changes in nutrient levels quantitatively, the chironomids respond indirectly to such changes, typically mediated through complex ecosystem dynamics such as changes in fish and/or macrophyte communities. These changes are illustrated via historic chironomid stratigraphies and diversity indices from a range of shallow lakes located across Britain: Slapton Ley, Frensham Great Pond, Fleet Pond, Kyre Pool and Barnes Loch. These sites have shown varying degrees of eutrophication over recent timescales which tends to be associated with a decline in chironomid diversity. While complex functional processes exist within these ecosystems, our evidence suggests that one of the key drivers in the loss of shallow lake chironomid diversity appears to be the loss of aquatic macrophytes. Overall, while chironomids do show a clear response to altered nutrient regimes, multi-proxy reconstructions are recommended for a clear interpretation of past change. We conclude that if we are to have a better understanding of biota at the ecosystem level we need to know more of the complex interactions between different insect groups as well as with other animal and plant communities. A palaeoecological approach is thus crucial in order to assess the role of insect groups in ecosystem processes, both in the recent past and over long time scales, and is essential for wetland managers and conservation organisations involved in long term management and restoration of wetland systems
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