Decision-making in healthy children, adolescents and adults explained by the use of increasingly complex proportional reasoning rules
Decision-making in healthy children, adolescents and adults explained by the use of increasingly complex proportional reasoning rules
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00621.x
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发表时间：
2007-11-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Jansen, Brenda J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Huizenga, Hilde M.;Crone, Eveline A.;Jansen, Brenda J.
在标准的爱荷华州赌博任务（IGT）中，参与者必须从四个选项中重复选择。每个选项的特点是恒定增益以及概率损失的频率和数量。 Crone 和 van der Molen (2004) 报道称，学龄儿童甚至青少年在 IGT 表现上表现出明显的缺陷。在这项研究中，我们通过多元正态混合分析重新分析了数据，表明这些发展变化可以通过从一维到多维比例推理的转变来解释（Siegler，1981；Jansen＆van der Maas，2002）。更具体地说，结果显示，随着年龄的增长，从（a）稍微倾向于考虑损失频率的猜测逐渐转变为（b）专注于损失频率，再到（c）同时考虑概率损失的频率和数量。在后一种情况下，参与者只考虑低频损失的选项，然后选择损失量最低的选项。在逆向任务中，绩效得到了提高，在逆向任务中，惩罚被放在前面，收获却出乎意料地实现。在这个相反的任务中，幼儿在猜测时已经有轻微的倾向去考虑增益的频率和数量；随着年龄的增长，这种策略变得更加明显。我们认为这些发现对于 IGT 表现的解释以及分析这种表现的方法具有重要意义。
In the standard Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), participants have to choose repeatedly from four options. Each option is characterized by a constant gain, and by the frequency and amount of a probabilistic loss. Crone and van der Molen (2004) reported that school-aged children and even adolescents show marked deficits in IGT performance. In this study, we have re-analyzed the data with a multivariate normal mixture analysis to show that these developmental changes can be explained by a shift from unidimensional to multidimensional proportional reasoning (Siegler, 1981; Jansen & van der Maas, 2002). More specifically, the results show a gradual shift with increasing age from (a) guessing with a slight tendency to consider frequency of loss to (b) focusing on frequency of loss, to (c) considering both frequency and amount of probabilistic loss. In the latter case, participants only considered options with low-frequency loss and then chose the option with the lowest amount of loss. Performance improved in a reversed task, in which punishment was placed up front and gain was delivered unexpectedly. In this reversed task, young children are guessing with already a slight tendency to consider both the frequency and amount of gain; this strategy becomes more pronounced with age. We argue that these findings have important implications for the interpretation of IGT performance, as well as for methods to analyze this performance.