The Condition of England
The Condition of England
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英格兰的状况
DOI：
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发表时间：
1998
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Levin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Levin
19世纪是一个变革的世纪，英国的变革比其他任何地方都要大。由地产和小集镇组成的看似永恒的旧世界，在很大程度上是自治的，相对来说是自给自足的，它们被纺织业、煤矿开采和钢铁生产的兴起所创造的巨大的工业城市所取代。随着贸易和工业的发展，运河和铁路基础设施得以发展，以连接生产者和消费者。作为第一个工业国家，英国在全球经济中的主导地位凸显了其港口城市的重要性，英国的原材料从这里运来，制成品从这里出口。与其说工业化是一场革命，不如说它是一个过程，这已成为一种时尚。不管怎样，逐渐变得清晰的是，旧世界中牢固的农村贵族对农业劳动力行使霸权不再是理所当然的了。多米尼克·列文指出，“1789年的阴影笼罩着19世纪的欧洲贵族。”贵族政治再也不会如此无忧无虑了。于是，贵族们再也不能那么毫无疑问地遵循他们根深蒂固的精神，维持传统的生活方式。这种生活方式现在必须得到捍卫和证明。如果他们的本能是抵制变革，那么他们的智慧迫使他们试图在一个控制不再牢固地植根于既定的顺从习惯的社会中管理和操纵改革。
More than any before it, the nineteenth century was one of change and in Britain more so than elsewhere. The seemingly permanent old world of landed estates and small market towns cocooned in their own provincial affairs, largely self-governing and relatively self-sufficient, gave way to the enormous industrial conurbations created by the rise of textiles, coal-mining, and iron and steel production. As trade and industry expanded, the canal and railway infrastructure was developed to connect producers and consumers. As the first industrial nation, Britain’s global economic dominance heightened the significance of her port cities, where her raw materials arrived and whence her manufactured exports departed. It has now become fashionable to regard industrialisation less as a revolution than as a process. Either way it gradually became clear that the old world of a safely entrenched rural aristocracy exercising hegemony over an agricultural labour force could no longer be taken for granted. Dominic Lieven has noted that ‘The shadow of 1789 lay over Europe’s nineteenth-century aristocracy. Never again would aristocratic politics be quite so carefree.’1 The aristocracy, then, could no longer so unquestioningly follow their ingrained ethos of sustaining traditional patterns of life. That way of life now had to be defended and justified. If their instinct was to resist change, their intelligence compelled them to try to manage and manipulate reform in a society where control was no longer so securely rooted in established habits of deference.