The activation of bystander CD8+ T cells and their roles in viral infection.
The activation of bystander CD8+ T cells and their roles in viral infection.
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DOI：
10.1038/s12276-019-0316-1
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发表时间：
2019-12-11
影响因子：
12.8
通讯作者：
Shin, Eui-Cheol
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kim, Tae-Shin;Shin, Eui-Cheol
在病毒感染期间，大量的T细胞以T细胞受体非依赖和细胞因子依赖的方式被激活，这种现象被称为“旁观者激活”。细胞因子，包括I型干扰素、白介素18和白介素15，是诱导T细胞旁观者激活的最重要的因素，每种因素发挥的作用略有不同。旁观者T细胞缺乏对病原体的特异性，但仍然可以影响对感染的免疫反应过程。例如，旁观者激活的CD8+T细胞可以通过分泌干扰素-γ等细胞因子参与保护性免疫。它们还通过发挥自然杀伤细胞激活受体(如NKG2D)和细胞溶解分子(如颗粒酶B)所促进的细胞毒来介导宿主损伤。有趣的是，最近有报道称，在急性甲型肝炎病毒感染患者中，旁观者激活的CD8+T细胞的杀伤功能与宿主组织损伤之间存在很强的相关性。本文综述了旁观者CD8+T细胞的诱导，它们的效应功能，以及它们在感染免疫、免疫病理学和自身免疫中的潜在作用。
During viral infections, significant numbers of T cells are activated in a T cell receptor-independent and cytokine-dependent manner, a phenomenon referred to as "bystander activation." Cytokines, including type I interferons, interleukin-18, and interleukin-15, are the most important factors that induce bystander activation of T cells, each of which plays a somewhat different role. Bystander T cells lack specificity for the pathogen, but can nevertheless impact the course of the immune response to the infection. For example, bystander-activated CD8+ T cells can participate in protective immunity by secreting cytokines, such as interferon-gamma. They also mediate host injury by exerting cytotoxicity that is facilitated by natural killer cell-activating receptors, such as NKG2D, and cytolytic molecules, such as granzyme B. Interestingly, it has been recently reported that there is a strong association between the cytolytic function of bystander-activated CD8+ T cells and host tissue injury in patients with acute hepatitis A virus infection. The current review addresses the induction of bystander CD8+ T cells, their effector functions, and their potential roles in immunity to infection, immunopathology, and autoimmunity.