The Extended Specimen Network: A Strategy to Enhance US Biodiversity Collections, Promote Research and Education
The Extended Specimen Network: A Strategy to Enhance US Biodiversity Collections, Promote Research and Education
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DOI：
10.1093/biosci/biz140
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发表时间：
2020-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
10.1
通讯作者：
Aime, M. Catherine
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lendemer, James;Thiers, Barbara;Aime, M. Catherine
两个多世纪以来，生物多样性收藏品一直是地球生命科学调查和教育的基础（Melber and Abraham 2002，Cook et al. 2014，Funk 2018）。这些收藏品是我们国家遗产的基石，自美国建国以来一直被视为国家遗产（例如，Jefferson 1799，Goode 1901a，1901b，Meisel 1926）。美国各地的各种机构，从博物馆和植物园到大学和政府机构，都将我们的生物多样性收藏品作为其研究和教育任务的一部分。总的来说，这些机构及其工作人员管理着至少10亿个生物多样性标本，其中包括恐龙骨骼、压制植物、干蘑菇、保存在酒精中的鱼、固定的昆虫、关节骨骼、蛋壳和微观花粉粒等各种物体。反过来，这些收藏品是探索生命，其形式，相互作用和功能的首要资源，跨越进化，时间和空间尺度（Bebber et al. 2010，Monfils et al. 2017，Schindel和Cook 2018）。生物多样性收藏历来由实物和支持这些实物的基础设施组成（布拉德利等人，2014年）。然而，过去二十年来，数字化浪潮席卷全球，重塑了馆藏范式，将数字数据和基础设施纳入其中（纳尔逊和埃利斯2018），为综合生物学研究开辟了广阔的新领域（例如，一个植物标本可以用多种方法进行分析，以产生花的形态学数据，DNA用于系统研究和基因组序列，以及用于分析氮的同位素，以了解与氮吸收有关的物候机制）。在美国，自2011年以来，联邦政府通过国家科学基金会（NSF）的推进生物多样性收藏品数字化（ADBC）计划的投资，通过连接700多个收藏品的24个主题收藏网络，促进了约6200万份美国生物多样性标本的数字化。这些网络有助于建立一个协作基础设施，将标本数据、人力资源、研究和机构间教育联系起来。ADBC计划还为iDigBio（综合数字化生物收集）提供支持，iDigBio是数字化工作的中央协调单位。ADBC的最终赠款将于2021年发放。在过去几年中，生物多样性收藏品网络带头努力收集主要利益攸关方社区关于收藏品未来方向及其在研究和教育中的使用的意见。这一努力在2018年10月30日至11月1日在弗吉尼亚州厄普维尔的橡树泉花园举行的研讨会上达到高潮，在此期间制定了一项战略，以最大限度地提高收藏品的价值，以促进未来的研究和教育，并利用ADBC计划的成就。我们所了解的战略
For more than two centuries, biodiversity collections have served as the foundation for scientific investigation of and education about life on Earth (Melber and Abraham 2002, Cook et al. 2014, Funk 2018). The collections that have been assembled in the past and continue to grow today are a cornerstone of our national heritage that have been treated as such since the founding of the United States (eg, Jefferson 1799, Goode 1901a, 1901b, Meisel 1926). A diverse array of institutions throughout the United States, from museums and botanical gardens to universities and government agencies, maintain our biodiversity collections as part of their research and education missions. Collectively, these institutions and their staff are stewards for at least 1 billion biodiversity specimens that include such diverse objects as dinosaur bones, pressed plants, dried mushrooms, fish preserved in alcohol, pinned insects, articulated skeletons, eggshells, and microscopic pollen grains. In turn, these collections are a premier resource for exploring life, its forms, interactions, and functions, across evolutionary, temporal, and spatial scales (Bebber et al. 2010, Monfils et al. 2017, Schindel and Cook 2018). Biodiversity collections have historically consisted of physical objects and the infrastructure to support those objects (Bradley et al. 2014). However, the last two decades have witnessed a remarkable wave of digitization that has reshaped the collections paradigm to include digital data and infrastructure (Nelson and Ellis 2018), opening vast new areas for integrative biological research (eg, a single plant specimen mounted on an herbarium sheet may be analyzed in multitude ways to yield data on flower morphology, DNA for applications from systematic studies to genome sequences, and isotopes for analyses of nitrogen to understand the mechanisms of phenology in relation to nitrogen uptake). In the United States, investment by the federal government through the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) Advancing Digitization of Biodiversity Collections (ADBC) program has facilitated the digitization of approximately 62 million US biodiversity specimens since 2011 through 24 thematic collection networks connecting over 700 collections. These networks have helped to develop a collaborative infrastructure connecting specimen data, human resources, research, and education among institutions. The ADBC program has also provided support to iDigBio (the Integrated Digitized Biocollections), which is the central coordinating unit for the digitization effort. The final ADBC grants will be awarded in 2021. During the last several years, the Biodiversity Collections Network has led an effort to gather input from primary stakeholder communities regarding future directions for collections and their use in research and education. The effort culminated in a workshop held from 30 October through 1 November 2018 at Oak Spring Garden in Upperville, Virginia, during which a strategy was developed to maximize the value of collections for future research and education that builds on and leverages the accomplishments of the ADBC program. The strategy that was informed