18 – Penguin History and New Fossil Material from New Zealand
18 – Penguin History and New Fossil Material from New Zealand
复制标题
18 – 企鹅的历史和来自新西兰的新化石材料
DOI：
10.1016/b978-0-08-057106-5.50029-2
复制
发表时间：
1990
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Craig M. Jones
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Fordyce;Craig M. Jones
企鹅是一种专性海洋鸟类，有着独特的南方历史（图18.1），可以追溯到距今4500万~ 5000万年前（mybp）。活企鹅和化石企鹅的分布表明，它们与凉爽的温带沃茨有着密切的联系，企鹅的早期进化与南极洲和其他南部大陆之间的南大洋基本上是现代的环流模式的进化有关，这可能不仅仅是巧合。南大洋的演变也促进了其他海洋高等脊椎动物、鲸目动物和海豹的崛起（福代斯，1989年）。这些生物和企鹅一起辐射开来，填补了海洋爬行动物和其他在白垩纪末大灭绝中消失的生物所腾出的生态位。北方有类似企鹅的大型、靠翅膀推动的潜水者（例如，在北太平洋已灭绝的长鼻蝠科，以及在北太平洋和大西洋已灭绝的海雀科），但它们既不像企鹅那样多样，也不像企鹅那样广泛;因此，南方沃茨的特殊作用似乎得到了进一步的强调。这篇文章从动物学的角度回顾了企鹅历史的一些更广泛的方面和新西兰的一些新化石。我们的评论主要基于最近对新西兰企鹅化石的研究，尽管我们也考虑了其他地区的化石。该方法强调，
Penguins are obligate marine birds with an exclusively austral history (Figure 18.1) that extends back more than 45-50 million years before present (mybp). The distribution of living and fossil penguins suggests a strong link with cool temperate waters, and it may be more than coincidence that the early evolution of penguins paralleled the evolution of essentially modern circulation patterns in the Southern Ocean between Antarctica and the other southern continents. The evolution of the Southern Ocean also paralleled the rise of other marine higher vertebrates, cetaceans and seals (Fordyce, 1989). These and the penguins radiated to fill ecological niches vacated by marine reptiles and other taxa which disappeared during the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous. Northern large, wing-propelled divers analogous to penguins are known (eg, extinct Plotopteridae in the North Pacific and Alcidae in the North Pacific and Atlantic), but they are neither as diverse nor as widespread as penguins; the special role of southern waters thereby seems further emphasized. This contribution reviews some broader aspects of penguin history and some new fossils from New Zealand from a zoological point of view. Our comments are based largely around recent studies on New Zealand fossil penguins, although we also consider fossils from other areas. The approach stresses that one