Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of tumor metabolic markers for cancer diagnosis, metabolic phenotyping, and characterization of tumor microenvironment.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of tumor metabolic markers for cancer diagnosis, metabolic phenotyping, and characterization of tumor microenvironment.
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DOI：
10.1155/2004/424395
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发表时间：
2003
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Shim H
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
He Q;Xu RZ;Shkarin P;Pizzorno G;Lee-French CH;Rothman DL;Shungu DC;Shim H
癌细胞显示异质性遗传特征，这取决于肿瘤动态微环境。异常的肿瘤脉管系统和不良的组织氧合产生一部分低氧肿瘤细胞，其在转移和侵袭中具有选择性优势，并且通常抵抗化疗和放疗。肿瘤获得的遗传改变改变了它们的生化途径，这导致异常的肿瘤代谢。糖酵解的升高被称为“瓦尔堡效应”，脂质合成和氧化发生变化。磁共振波谱（MRS）已被用于研究临床前动物模型中的肿瘤代谢以及人类乳腺癌、脑癌和前列腺癌的临床研究。该技术可以识别恶性肿瘤中发生的特定遗传和代谢变化。因此，通过MRS检测的代谢标志物不仅提供关于生化变化的信息，而且还定义不同的代谢肿瘤表型。当与对癌症诊断具有高灵敏度的对比增强磁共振成像（MRI）结合时，体内磁共振光谱成像（MRSI）提高了恶性人类癌症的诊断特异性，并且正在成为癌症管理和护理的重要临床工具。本文综述了MRSI技术作为分子成像方法检测和量化各种肿瘤组织类型的代谢变化，特别是在颅外肿瘤组织，含有高浓度的脂肪。MRI/MRSI方法已被用于表征肿瘤微环境的血容量和血管通透性。通过MRS测量组织氧合和糖酵解速率也被描述为说明MR技术在非侵入性地探测肿瘤组织中的分子信息的能力及其在生理条件下研究人类癌症的分子机制的重要潜力。
Cancer cells display heterogeneous genetic characteristics, depending on the tumor dynamic microenvironment. Abnormal tumor vasculature and poor tissue oxygenation generate a fraction of hypoxic tumor cells that have selective advantages in metastasis and invasion and often resist chemo- and radiation therapies. The genetic alterations acquired by tumors modify their biochemical pathways, which results in abnormal tumor metabolism. An elevation in glycolysis known as the “Warburg effect” and changes in lipid synthesis and oxidation occur. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been used to study tumor metabolism in preclinical animal models and in clinical research on human breast, brain, and prostate cancers. This technique can identify specific genetic and metabolic changes that occur in malignant tumors. Therefore, the metabolic markers, detectable by MRS, not only provide information on biochemical changes but also define different metabolic tumor phenotypes. When combined with the contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), which has a high sensitivity for cancer diagnosis, in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) improves the diagnostic specificity of malignant human cancers and is becoming an important clinical tool for cancer management and care. This article reviews the MRSI techniques as molecular imaging methods to detect and quantify metabolic changes in various tumor tissue types, especially in extracranial tumor tissues that contain high concentrations of fat. MRI/MRSI methods have been used to characterize tumor microenvironments in terms of blood volume and vessel permeability. Measurements of tissue oxygenation and glycolytic rates by MRS also are described to illustrate the capability of the MR technology in probing molecular information non-invasively in tumor tissues and its important potential for studying molecular mechanisms of human cancers in physiological conditions.