OF THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR 1 CHOICE , CHANGEOVER , AND TRAVEL
OF THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR 1 CHOICE , CHANGEOVER , AND TRAVEL
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行为1选择、转变和旅行的实验分析
DOI：
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发表时间：
2005
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
W. Baum
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
W. Baum
由于在自然界中觅食可以被视为工具性行为，因此在食物来源之间的选择，也就是所谓的“斑块”，可以被视为在工具性反应备选方案中的选择。虽然更换替代品所需的行程在本质上会阻止转换，但转换延迟(COD)通常会阻止实验室中的转换。在这个实验中，鸽子被暴露在实验室选择的情况下，并行的可变间隔时间表，除了引入转换的旅行要求之外，这些都是标准的。随着旅行需求的增加，转换率下降，对受青睐替代方案的偏好增强。当旅行需求较小时，选择与相对强化之间的关系显示出通常的匹配和不匹配的趋势。当旅行需求较大时，会出现强烈的过度匹配。这些结果，连同那些通过惩罚或固定比率要求而阻止转换的实验的结果，偏离了匹配定律，即使对转换成本进行了修正。如果一个人接受这样一个论点，即COD类似于旅行，结果表明，选择关系中的准则将是过度匹配。然而，这种过度匹配可能只是基本策略接近优化的迹象。
Since foraging in nature can be viewed as instrumental behavior, choice between sources of food, known as "patches," can be viewed as choice between instrumental response alternatives. Whereas the travel required to change alternatives deters changeover in nature, the changeover delay (COD) usually deters changeover in the laboratory. In this experiment, pigeons were exposed to laboratory choice situations, concurrent variable-interval schedules, that were standard except for the introduction of a travel requirement for changeover. As the travel requirement increased, rate of changeover decreased and preference for a favored alternative strengthened. When the travel requirement was small, the relations between choice and relative reinforcement revealed the usual tendencies toward matching and undermatching. When the travel requirement was large, strong overmatching occurred. These results, together with those from experiments in which changeover was deterred by punishment or a fixed-ratio requirement, deviate from the matching law, even when a correction is made for cost of changeover. If one accepted an argument that the COD is analogous to travel, the results suggest that the norm in choice relations would be overmatching. This overmatching, however, might only be the sign of an underlying strategy approximating optimization.