Energetics of Swimming and Flying in Formation
Energetics of Swimming and Flying in Formation
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2005
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在游泳和飞行过程中的编队运动已经被假设为减少个体动物的能量消耗。编队中的个体扭曲了流动模式，在尾流中产生了涡度。涡产生于升力面，并组织成翼尖涡，产生于推力型涡街形式的振荡水翼，以及产生于K k h型涡街形式的刚体流动分离。当理想地位于涡流尾流中时，由领先动物的涡量脱落引起的相对速度可以用于降低尾随个体的阻力和能量消耗。当以V形编队飞行时，由鸟类产生的翼尖涡流减少了由翼尖间距确定的诱导功率。最佳配置，以最大限度地节省能源的鱼群是一个钻石形状。从刚体（如汽车、骑自行车者或鸭子）脱落的涡量在领头者后面立即产生一个低相对速度区域，从而通过以单列形式行进来促进阻力减小和增加能量节省。
Formation movement during swimming and flying has been hypothesized to reduce an individual animal’s energy expenditure. Individuals in a formation distort the flow pattern, creating vorticity in their wake. Vorticity is produced from lifting surfaces and organized as wing tip vortices, from oscillating hydrofoils in the form of a thrust-type vortex street, and by flow separation from rigid bodies arranged as a K k h vortex street. The relative velocity induced by vorticity shed from leading animals can be used to lower the drag and energy expenditure on trailing individuals when ideally positioned in the vortex wake. The wing tip vortices generated by birds reduce induced power as determined by wing tip spacing when flying in V-formation. The optimal configuration to maximize energy savings in fish schools is a diamond shape. Vorticity shed from rigid bodies, such as cars, cyclists, or ducks, produces a region of low relative velocity immediately behind the leader fostering drag reduction and increased energy savings by traveling in a single-file formation.