Advancing the Manufacture of Metal Anodes for Metal Batteries
Advancing the Manufacture of Metal Anodes for Metal Batteries
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DOI：
10.1021/accountsmr.3c00231
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发表时间：
2024-01
影响因子：
14.6
通讯作者：
Pan He;Yupei Han;Yang Xu
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Pan He;Yupei Han;Yang Xu
金属阳极是所有阳极中能量密度最高的一种，随着金属电池研究的迅速发展，其重要性日益凸显。金属阳极包括碱金属（Li、Na和K）1和多价金属（Mg、Ca、Zn和Al）2，并且它们通常以金属箔的形式使用。然而，金属阳极的实际应用伴随着众所周知的挑战，诸如由金属枝晶生长引起的安全风险、由寄生反应和“死金属”引起的低库仑效率（CE）、不稳定的固体电解质界面（SEI）以及由于金属阳极的厚度过大而导致的金属阳极的低利用率。③金属阳极的内在性质，包括几何结构、表面粗糙度、晶体取向、晶粒大小、缺陷等，与制造过程密切相关。这些性质在决定金属阳极的电化学性能方面起着决定性的作用。此外，储存和处理气氛（例如，手套箱中挥发性溶剂气体的组成和氧气/水分水平）影响金属阳极的表面物质。4因此，澄清主导因素并优化从原金属材料到MB金属阳极的制造过程的可重复性，通用性和可扩展性至关重要。在本观点中，我们将金属阳极的制造分为三个步骤：预处理，加工和后处理。我们首先讨论基本但经常被忽视的预处理步骤，然后比较各种加工方法，并强调在加工步骤中可能形成的金属阳极缺陷。最后，我们讨论了后处理策略，以有效地优化金属阳极的电化学电镀行为。为了结束我们的讨论，我们提出了一个连续的和可扩展的解决方案，金属阳极制造，希望能引发进一步的研究创新，在令人兴奋的领域的MB。
The rapid research progression in metal batteries (MBs) highlights the importance of metal anodes, the most energydense choice among all anodes. Metal anodes involve alkali metals (Li, Na, and K) 1 and multivalent metals (Mg, Ca, Zn, and Al), 2 and they are usually utilized in the form of metal foils. However, the practical application of metal anodes is accompanied by notorious challenges such as safety risks induced by metal dendrite growth, low Coulombic efficiency (CE) caused by parasitic reactions and “dead metal”, unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), and low utilization of metal anodes due to their excessive thicknesses. 3 The intrinsic properties of metal anodes, including geometric structure, surface roughness, crystal orientation, grain size, defect, etc., are closely related to the manufacturing process. These properties play a decisive role in determining the electrochemical performance of metal anodes. In addition, the storage and processing atmosphere (eg, compositions of volatile solvent gases and oxygen/moisture level in a glovebox) affects the surface species of metal anodes. 4 As a result, it is crucial to clarify the dominating factors and optimize the repeatability, generality, and scalability of the manufacturing process from raw metal materials to metal anodes for MBs. In this Viewpoint, we divide the manufacture of metal anodes into three steps: pretreatment, processing, and posttreatment. We start with the discussion on the fundamental but often overlooked pretreatment step, then compare various processing methods and highlight the imperfections of metal anodes that may form during the processing step. Finally, we discuss post-treatment strategies to effectively optimize the electrochemical plating behavior of metal anodes. To conclude our discussion, we propose a sequential and scalable solution for metal anode manufacture, hoping to spark further research innovation in the exciting area of MBs.