Slag inclusions in iron objects and the quest for provenance: an experiment and a case study
Slag inclusions in iron objects and the quest for provenance: an experiment and a case study
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jas.2009.03.032
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发表时间：
2009-08-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Young, Tim
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Blakelock, Eleanor;Martinon-Torres, Marcos;Young, Tim
矿渣包裹体存在于大多数考古的Bloomery铁制品中，是冶炼和锻造过程中产生的矿渣的残留物。尽管人们普遍认为它们为铁器的起源提供了数据，但之前的矿渣包裹体研究大多被证明是不确定的。这项工作的主要目的是分析实验冶炼和冶炼组合(包括矿石、炉衬、燃料和炉渣)，将它们与所产生的方坯和加工对象中的炉渣夹杂物进行比较，然后探索矿石、炉渣和炉渣夹杂物之间的关系。这项研究表明，炉渣包裹体的组成与产生的熔渣最密切相关，而由于炉衬、燃料和所用任何熔剂的化学变异性，特定矿石的来源将很困难。在人工制品的锻造过程中，炉渣包裹体中的一些化合物尤其受影响，即存在于砂剂和所用燃料中的那些化合物。然而，在K(2)O/MgO、MnO/SiO(2)、Al(2)O(3)/SiO(2)、Al(2)O(3)/MgO、Al(2)O(3)/K(2)O和Al(2)O(3)/CaO比值中观察到了趋势，从而可以在这些实验中比较渣包裹体和熔炼渣，因此可以用于其他来源的尝试。从实验组合中获得的知识随后被应用于考古案例研究，检查了来自以色列泰尔贝斯-谢梅什的公元前900加州铁匠工地和约旦泰尔·哈梅的公元前930加州冶炼工地的物品。分析表明，所检查的文物中没有一件来自Hammeh冶炼系统。(C)2009爱思唯尔有限公司。保留所有权利。
Slag inclusions are found within most archaeological bloomery iron artefacts and are remainders of slag created during the smelting and smithing processes. Although they are widely believed to provide data with the potential for provenancing iron artefacts, previous slag inclusion studies have mostly proven inconclusive. The main aim of the work reported here is to analyse experimental smelting and smithing assemblages (including ore, furnace lining, fuel and slag), to compare these to slag inclusions in the resulting bloom and worked objects, and then explore the relationships between ore, slag and slag inclusions. This study has revealed that the composition of slag inclusions most closely relates to the smelting slag produced, whereas provenance to a specific ore would be difficult due to the chemical variability derived from furnace lining, fuel and any fluxes used. Some compounds in the slag inclusions are particularly affected during smithing of the artefact, i.e. those present in the sand flux and fuel used. However, trends are observed in the K(2)O/MgO, MnO/SiO(2), Al(2)O(3)/SiO(2), Al(2)O(3)/MgO, Al(2)O(3)/K(2)O and Al(2)O(3)/CaO ratios that allow comparison between slag inclusions and smelting slag in these experiments, and may therefore be used during other provenancing attempts. The knowledge gained from the experimental assemblages was subsequently applied to an archaeological case study, examining objects from the 900 Cal BC smithing site of Tel Beth-Shemesh, Israel and the 930 Cal BC smelting site of Tell Hammeh, Jordan. The analyses suggest that none of the artefacts examined derived from the Hammeh smelting system. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.