Experimental study of the impact of large-scale wind farms on land–atmosphere exchanges
Experimental study of the impact of large-scale wind farms on land–atmosphere exchanges
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DOI：
10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/015002
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发表时间：
2013-03
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Wei Zhang;C. Markfort;F. Porté-Agel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Wei Zhang;C. Markfort;F. Porté-Agel
大型风电场覆盖了陆地和海洋表面的很大一部分，可能会影响当地和全球大气与陆地之间的动量、热量、质量和水分的输送。为了了解风电场与大气的相互作用，我们进行了风洞实验，使用模型风电场来研究表面标量（热）通量，模型风电场由十多排风力涡轮机组成，具有典型的流向和展向间距，分别为5和4个转子直径，在具有加热表面的中性边界层中。利用一组表面热流传感器阵列，绘制了风电场流准发达区地表热通量的空间分布。虽然发现风电场产生的总体地表热通量变化很小，交错风电场的净减少4%，排列风电场的净减少几乎为零，但取决于风电场布局的地表热通量高度不均匀的空间分布是显著的。在排列和交错的风电场中，最小和最大表面热通量之间的差异可能分别高达12%和7%。这一发现对于规划集约化农业实践和优化风能项目开发的农场土地利用战略具有重要意义。本研究中提出的控制良好的风洞实验也提供了第一个关于风电场湍流和标量输运的综合数据集，可以进一步用于开发和验证数值模型中表面标量通量的新参数化。
Large-scale wind farms, covering a significant portion of the land and ocean surface, may affect the transport of momentum, heat, mass and moisture between the atmosphere and the land locally and globally. To understand the wind-farm–atmosphere interaction, we conducted wind-tunnel experiments to study the surface scalar (heat) flux using model wind farms, consisting of more than ten rows of wind turbines—having typical streamwise and spanwise spacings of five and four rotor diameters—in a neutral boundary layer with a heated surface. The spatial distribution of the surface heat flux was mapped with an array of surface heat flux sensors within the quasi-developed regime of the wind-farm flow. Although the overall surface heat flux change produced by the wind farms was found to be small, with a net reduction of 4% for a staggered wind farm and nearly zero change for an aligned wind farm, the highly heterogeneous spatial distribution of the surface heat flux, dependent on the wind-farm layout, was significant. The difference between the minimum and maximum surface heat fluxes could be up to 12% and 7% in aligned and staggered wind farms, respectively. This finding is important for planning intensive agriculture practice and optimizing farm land use strategy regarding wind energy project development. The well-controlled wind-tunnel experiments presented in this study also provide a first comprehensive dataset on turbulent flow and scalar transport in wind farms, which can be further used to develop and validate new parameterizations of surface scalar fluxes in numerical models.