Oxytocin, testosterone, and human social cognition
Oxytocin, testosterone, and human social cognition
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DOI：
10.1111/brv.12175
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发表时间：
2016-05-01
影响因子：
10
通讯作者：
Crespi, Bernard J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Crespi, Bernard J.
我描述了一个综合的社会进化模型的适应意义的人类催产素系统。该模型是基于这种激素的作用，在产生和维护的社会熟悉和联系在五个同源的，功能相似，并按顺序增选的情况下：母亲与后代，女性和男性伴侣，亲属团体，个人与互惠合作伙伴，和个人内的合作和竞争的社会群体定义的文化。在每一种情况下，催产素都能激发、调节和奖励认知和行为过程，这些过程构成了一个或多或少稳定的社会群体的形成和动态，并促进两个或多个个体之间的关系。这种关系可能是积极的（引发神经奖励，减少焦虑，从而表明健康增强效果），也可能是消极的（增加焦虑和痛苦，从而激励人们试图缓解有问题的、健康降低的社会状况）。我还提出的证据表明，睾丸激素表现出相反的影响，催产素对认知和行为的各个方面，最普遍的是有利于自我导向，反社会和反社会行为。我应用这个模型的催产素和睾酮的影响，以了解人类的心理障碍集中涉及社会行为。催产素减少和睾丸激素水平升高与社会认知不发达有关，特别是在自闭症患者中。相反，在精神分裂症、双相情感障碍和抑郁症的大量研究中，报告了催产素增加到正常水平以上和睾酮降低的某种组合，并且在某些情况下，较高的催产素涉及在这些条件下不适应地“过度发展”的社会认知。这种模式的研究结果表明，人类的社会认知和行为的结构，在一定程度上，由联合和反对催产素和睾酮的影响，这种联合作用的极端部分介导的风险和自闭症和精神情感状况的表型。这些考虑对缓解社会认知障碍的治疗方法的发展，以及理解这些障碍如何与人类认知情感结构的演变相关具有直接影响。
I describe an integrative social-evolutionary model for the adaptive significance of the human oxytocinergic system. The model is based on a role for this hormone in the generation and maintenance of social familiarity and affiliation across five homologous, functionally similar, and sequentially co-opted contexts: mothers with offspring, female and male mates, kin groups, individuals with reciprocity partners, and individuals within cooperating and competing social groups defined by culture. In each situation, oxytocin motivates, mediates and rewards the cognitive and behavioural processes that underlie the formation and dynamics of a more or less stable social group, and promotes a relationship between two or more individuals. Such relationships may be positive (eliciting neurological reward, reducing anxiety and thus indicating fitness-enhancing effects), or negative (increasing anxiety and distress, and thus motivating attempts to alleviate a problematic, fitness-reducing social situation). I also present evidence that testosterone exhibits opposite effects from oxytocin on diverse aspects of cognition and behaviour, most generally by favouring self-oriented, asocial and antisocial behaviours. I apply this model for effects of oxytocin and testosterone to understanding human psychological disorders centrally involving social behaviour. Reduced oxytocin and higher testosterone levels have been associated with under-developed social cognition, especially in autism. By contrast, some combination of oxytocin increased above normal levels, and lower testosterone, has been reported in a notable number of studies of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression, and, in some cases, higher oxytocin involves maladaptively 'hyper-developed' social cognition in these conditions. This pattern of findings suggests that human social cognition and behaviour are structured, in part, by joint and opposing effects of oxytocin and testosterone, and that extremes of such joint effects partially mediate risks and phenotypes of autism and psychotic-affective conditions. These considerations have direct implications for the development of therapies for alleviating disorders of social cognition, and for understanding how such disorders are associated with the evolution of human cognitive-affective architecture.