Factors Associated with High-Rise Evacuation: Qualitative Results from the World Trade Center Evacuation Study
Factors Associated with High-Rise Evacuation: Qualitative Results from the World Trade Center Evacuation Study
复制标题
DOI：
10.1017/s1049023x0000460x
复制
发表时间：
2007-06-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Raveis, Victoria H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gershon, Robyn R. M.;Qureshi, Kristine A.;Raveis, Victoria H.
简介：由于大多数高层结构（即，> 75英尺高，或八至十层楼）的建筑具有广泛和冗余的消防安全特征，目前的消防安全程序通常只涉及在轻微至中度火灾紧急情况下的有限疏散。因此，高层建筑的全面疏散是非常不寻常的，因此，很少有人知道如何容易和快速的高层建筑可以完全疏散。促进或抑制疏散过程的因素仍然没有得到充分研究。目的：本文介绍了世界贸易中心疏散研究的定性阶段的结果，这是一项为期三年的五阶段研究，旨在提高我们对帮助或阻碍世界贸易中心（WTC）1号和2号塔疏散的个人，组织和环境因素的理解，结果：在个人层面上，影响疏散的因素包括对危险的感知（主要由感官线索形成）、准备训练、对建筑物的熟悉程度、身体状况、健康状况和鞋类。个体行为也受到群体行为和领导力的影响。在组织一级，疏散受到工作场所准备规划的影响，包括对大楼占用者的培训和教育以及风险沟通。影响疏散的环境条件包括烟雾、火焰、碎片、楼梯的一般状况和拥挤程度以及通信基础设施系统（例如，公共地址，固定电话，手机和消防员的电话）。结论：在个人，组织和环境水平的各种因素，确定影响疏散。解决疏散障碍的干预措施可能会改善极端条件下其他高层建筑的全面疏散。进一步的研究应侧重于制定和评估有针对性的干预措施，包括高层建筑职业病应急准备规划模型。
Introduction: Due to the fact that most high-rise structures (i.e., > 75 feet high, or eight to ten stories) are constructed with extensive and redundant fire safety features, current fire safety procedures typically only involve limited evacuation during minor to moderate fire emergencies. Therefore, full-scale evacuation of high-rise buildings is highly unusual and consequently, little is known about how readily and rapidly high-rise structures can be evacuated fully. Factors that either facilitate or inhibit the evacuation process remain under-studied.Objective: This paper presents results from the qualitative phase of the World Trade Center Evacuation Study, a three-year, five-phase study designed to improve our understanding of the individual, organizational, and environmental factors that helped or hindered evacuation from the World Trade Center (WTC) Towers 1 and 2, on 11 September 2001.Methods: Qualitative data from semi-structured, in-depth interviews and focus groups involving WTC evacuees were collected and analyzed.Results: On the individual level, factors that affected evacuation included perception of risk (formed largely by sensory cues), preparedness training, degree of familiarity with the building, physical condition, health status, and footwear. Individual behavior also was affected by group behavior and leadership. At the organizational level, evacuation was affected by worksite preparedness planning, including the training and education of building occupants, and risk communication. The environmental conditions affecting evacuation included smoke, flames, debris, general condition and degree of crowdedness on staircases, and communication infrastructure systems (e.g., public address, landline, cellular and fire warden's telephones).Conclusions: Various factors at the individual, organizational, and environmental levels were identified that affected evacuation. Interventions that address the barriers to evacuation may improve the full-scale evacuation of other high-rise buildings under extreme conditions. Further studies should focus on the development and evaluation of targeted interventions, including model emergency preparedness planning for high-rise occupancies.