Reconsidering the role of absentee herd owners: A view from Mongolia
Reconsidering the role of absentee herd owners: A view from Mongolia
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DOI：
10.1023/a:1018757632589
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发表时间：
1999-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Fernandez-Gimenez, ME
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fernandez-Gimenez, ME
自1992年牲畜私有化以来，蒙古的牲畜所有权缺失率急剧上升。与游牧社会中其他记录在案的缺席畜牧实例不同，缺席畜群所有权在蒙古几乎没有产生有害的生态或社会影响。相反，缺席的牧群主和牧民之间的关系可以被视为一种与城乡交换习惯模式相关的复兴的制度，是为了满足从社会主义计划经济向自由市场经济转型期间牧民和城镇居民的需求而出现的。蒙古的缺席畜牧业与非洲和中东的缺席畜牧业和合同畜牧业不同，它继续强调自给自足，而不是投机性投资和反积累。其他重要的区别包括：（1）不在场的主人和牧民猿通常是亲戚或朋友； (2) 牧民除了饲养自己拥有的牲畜外，还饲养自己的私人畜群； (3) 牧民和缺席牧群主之间几乎不存在种族、种姓或阶级差异； (4)来自各个富裕阶层的牧民都饲养着不在场的牲畜。必须在蒙古国的背景下仔细考虑限制或规范缺席牲畜所有权的政策，明确区分亲属和朋友之间非正式的、互利的、以生存为导向的安排，以及企业或投资者和牧民之间更正式的、以投资为导向的合同。
Since the privatization of livestock in 1992, rates of absentee ownership of livestock have increased sharply in Mongolia. Unlike other documented instances of absentee herding in pastoral societies, absentee herd ownership has few detrimental ecological or social impacts in Mongo[ia. Rather, the relationship between absentee herd owners and herders may be viewed as a revitalized institution, with links to customary patterns of urban-rural exchange, emerging to meet the needs of both herders and town-dwellers during the transition from a socialist planned economy to a free market economy. Absentee herding in Mongolia differs from absentee and contract herding accounts from Africa and the Middle East in its continuing emphasis on subsistence rather than speculative investment anti accumulation. Other important distinctions include: (1) absentee owners and herders ape usually kin or friends; (2) herders tend their own private herds in addition to absentee-owned animals; (3) few ethnic, caste, or class differences exist between herders and absentee herd owners; and (4) herders from all wealth strata tend absentee-owned animals. Policies to restrict or regulate absentee livestock ownership must be carefully considered in the Mongolian context, making clear distinctions between informal, mutually beneficial subsistence-driven arrangements among kin and friends, and more formal investment-driven contracts between businesses or investors and herders.