First gadolinium loading to Super-Kamiokande
First gadolinium loading to Super-Kamiokande
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DOI：
10.1016/j.nima.2021.166248
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发表时间：
2021-09
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
K. Abe;C. Bronner;Y. Hayato;K. Hiraide;M. Ikeda;S. Imaizumi;J. Kameda;Y. Kanemura;Y. Kataoka;S. Miki;M. Miura;S. Moriyama;Y. Nagao;M. Nakahata;S. Nakayama;T. Okada;K. Okamoto;A. Orii;G. Pronost;H. Sekiya;M. Shiozawa;Y. Sonoda;Y. Suzuki;A. Takeda;Y. Takemoto;A. Takenaka;H. Tanaka;S. Watanabe;T. Yano;S. Han;T. Kajita;K. Okumura;T. Tashiro;J. Xia;G. Megias;D. Bravo-Berguño;L. Labarga;L. Marti;B. Zaldivar;B. Pointon;F. Blaszczyk;E. Kearns;J. Raaf;J. Stone;L. Wan;T. Wester;J. Bian;N. J. Griskevich;W. Kropp;S. Locke;S. Mine;M. Smy;H. Sobel;V. Takhistov;J. Hill;J. Kim;I. Lim;R. Park;B. Bodur;K. Scholberg;C. Walter;L. Bernard;A. Coffani;O. Drapier;S. Hedri;A. Giampaolo;M. Gonin;T. Mueller;P. Paganini;B. Quilain;T. Ishizuka;T. Nakamura;J. Jang;J. Learned;L. Anthony;D. Martin;M. Scott;A. Sztuc;Y. Uchida;S. Cao;V. Berardi;M. Catanesi;E. Radicioni;N. Calabria;L. Machado;G. De Rosa;G. Collazuol;F. Iacob;M. Lamoureux;M. Mattiazzi;N. Ospina;L. Ludovici;Y. Maekawa;Y. Nishimura;M. Friend;T. Hasegawa;T. Ishida;T. Kobayashi;M. Jakkapu;T. Matsubara;T. Nakadaira;K. Nakamura;Y. Oyama;K. Sakashita;T. Sekiguchi;T. Tsukamoto;T. Boschi;J. Gao;F. Di Lodovico;J. Migenda;M. Taani;S. Zsoldos;Y. Kotsar;Y. Nakano;H. Ozaki;T. Shiozawa;A. Suzuki;Y. Takeuchi;S. Yamamoto;A. Ali;Y. Ashida;J. Feng;S. Hirota;T. Kikawa;M. Mori;T. Nakaya;R. Wendell;K. Yasutome;P. Fernandez;N. McCauley;P. Mehta;K. Tsui;Y. Fukuda;Y. Itow;H. Menjo;T. Niwa;K. Sato;M. Tsukada;J. Lagoda;S. Lakshmi;P. Mijakowski;J. Zalipska;J. Jiang;C. Jung;C. Vilela;M. Wilking;C. Yanagisawa;K. Hagiwara;M. Harada;T. Horai;H. Ishino;S. Ito;F. Kitagawa;Y. Koshio;W. Ma;N. Piplani;S. Sakai;G. Barr;D. Barrow;L. Cook;A. Goldsack;S. Samani;D. Wark;F. Nova;J.Y. Yang;S. J. Jenkins;M. Malek;J. McElwee;O. Stone;M. Thiesse;L. Thompson;H. Okazawa;S. Kim;J.W. Seo;I. Yu;A. Ichikawa;K. Nishijima;M. Koshiba;K. Iwamoto;Y. Nakajima;N. Ogawa;M. Yokoyama;K. Martens;M. Vagins;M. Kuze;S. Izumiyama;T. Yoshida;M. Inomoto;M. Ishitsuka;H. Ito;T. Kinoshita;R. Matsumoto;K. Ohta;M. Shinoki;T. Suganuma;J.F. Martin;H. Tanaka;T. Towstego;R. Akutsu;M. Hartz;A. Konaka;P. de Perio;N. Prouse;S. Chen;B.D. Xu;M. Posiadala-Zezula;D. Hadley;M. O'Flaherty;B. Richards;B. Jamieson;J. Walker;A. Minamino;G. Pintaudi;S. Sano;R. Sasaki
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文献类型：
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作者：
K. Abe;C. Bronner;Y. Hayato;K. Hiraide;M. Ikeda;S. Imaizumi;J. Kameda;Y. Kanemura;Y. Kataoka;S. Miki;M. Miura;S. Moriyama;Y. Nagao;M. Nakahata;S. Nakayama;T. Okada;K. Okamoto;A. Orii;G. Pronost;H. Sekiya;M. Shiozawa;Y. Sonoda;Y. Suzuki;A. Takeda;Y. Takemoto;A. Takenaka;H. Tanaka;S. Watanabe;T. Yano;S. Han;T. Kajita;K. Okumura;T. Tashiro;J. Xia;G. Megias;D. Bravo-Berguño;L. Labarga;L. Marti;B. Zaldivar;B. Pointon;F. Blaszczyk;E. Kearns;J. Raaf;J. Stone;L. Wan;T. Wester;J. Bian;N. J. Griskevich;W. Kropp;S. Locke;S. Mine;M. Smy;H. Sobel;V. Takhistov;J. Hill;J. Kim;I. Lim;R. Park;B. Bodur;K. Scholberg;C. Walter;L. Bernard;A. Coffani;O. Drapier;S. Hedri;A. Giampaolo;M. Gonin;T. Mueller;P. Paganini;B. Quilain;T. Ishizuka;T. Nakamura;J. Jang;J. Learned;L. Anthony;D. Martin;M. Scott;A. Sztuc;Y. Uchida;S. Cao;V. Berardi;M. Catanesi;E. Radicioni;N. Calabria;L. Machado;G. De Rosa;G. Collazuol;F. Iacob;M. Lamoureux;M. Mattiazzi;N. Ospina;L. Ludovici;Y. Maekawa;Y. Nishimura;M. Friend;T. Hasegawa;T. Ishida;T. Kobayashi;M. Jakkapu;T. Matsubara;T. Nakadaira;K. Nakamura;Y. Oyama;K. Sakashita;T. Sekiguchi;T. Tsukamoto;T. Boschi;J. Gao;F. Di Lodovico;J. Migenda;M. Taani;S. Zsoldos;Y. Kotsar;Y. Nakano;H. Ozaki;T. Shiozawa;A. Suzuki;Y. Takeuchi;S. Yamamoto;A. Ali;Y. Ashida;J. Feng;S. Hirota;T. Kikawa;M. Mori;T. Nakaya;R. Wendell;K. Yasutome;P. Fernandez;N. McCauley;P. Mehta;K. Tsui;Y. Fukuda;Y. Itow;H. Menjo;T. Niwa;K. Sato;M. Tsukada;J. Lagoda;S. Lakshmi;P. Mijakowski;J. Zalipska;J. Jiang;C. Jung;C. Vilela;M. Wilking;C. Yanagisawa;K. Hagiwara;M. Harada;T. Horai;H. Ishino;S. Ito;F. Kitagawa;Y. Koshio;W. Ma;N. Piplani;S. Sakai;G. Barr;D. Barrow;L. Cook;A. Goldsack;S. Samani;D. Wark;F. Nova;J.Y. Yang;S. J. Jenkins;M. Malek;J. McElwee;O. Stone;M. Thiesse;L. Thompson;H. Okazawa;S. Kim;J.W. Seo;I. Yu;A. Ichikawa;K. Nishijima;M. Koshiba;K. Iwamoto;Y. Nakajima;N. Ogawa;M. Yokoyama;K. Martens;M. Vagins;M. Kuze;S. Izumiyama;T. Yoshida;M. Inomoto;M. Ishitsuka;H. Ito;T. Kinoshita;R. Matsumoto;K. Ohta;M. Shinoki;T. Suganuma;J.F. Martin;H. Tanaka;T. Towstego;R. Akutsu;M. Hartz;A. Konaka;P. de Perio;N. Prouse;S. Chen;B.D. Xu;M. Posiadala-Zezula;D. Hadley;M. O'Flaherty;B. Richards;B. Jamieson;J. Walker;A. Minamino;G. Pintaudi;S. Sano;R. Sasaki
为了提高Super-Kamiokande的中子探测效率，从而提高其对弥漫的超新星中微子背景通量的灵敏度，从2020年7月14日至8月17日，将13吨Gd 2（SO 4）3 8H 2 O（八水合硫酸钆）溶解在探测器的超纯水中，标志着SK-Gd阶段的运行开始。在加载过程中，水以60 m3/h的速率连续再循环，从检测器顶部提取水，并将其与浓缩的Gd 2（SO 4）3·8H 2 O溶液混合以产生0.02%的Gd化合物溶液，然后将其注入检测器底部。在整个装载过程中，保持了装载Gd的水和纯水之间的清晰边界，从而能够监测装载本身以及到达检测器顶部所需的35天内Gd浓度的空间均匀性。在随后的调试过程中，再循环率增加到120 m 3/h，导致Gd在整个探测器中的恒定均匀分布，水的透明度相当于以前的纯水操作期间。使用Am-Be中子校准源测得的平均中子俘获时间为115±1 μ s，这对应于Gd浓度为111±2 ppm，与该Gd负载水平的预期一致。本文介绍了水循环系统的变化，这探测器升级，Gd加载程序，探测器调试，并在SK Gd的第一次中子校准测量。
In order to improve Super-Kamiokande’s neutron detection efficiency and to thereby increase its sensitivity to the diffuse supernova neutrino background flux, 13 tons of Gd 2 (SO 4) 3⋅ 8H 2 O (gadolinium sulfate octahydrate) was dissolved into the detector’s otherwise ultrapure water from July 14 to August 17, 2020, marking the start of the SK-Gd phase of operations. During the loading, water was continuously recirculated at a rate of 60 m 3/h, extracting water from the top of the detector and mixing it with concentrated Gd 2 (SO 4) 3⋅ 8H 2 O solution to create a 0.02% solution of the Gd compound before injecting it into the bottom of the detector. A clear boundary between the Gd-loaded and pure water was maintained through the loading, enabling monitoring of the loading itself and the spatial uniformity of the Gd concentration over the 35 days it took to reach the top of the detector. During the subsequent commissioning the recirculation rate was increased to 120 m 3/h, resulting in a constant and uniform distribution of Gd throughout the detector and water transparency equivalent to that of previous pure-water operation periods. Using an Am–Be neutron calibration source the mean neutron capture time was measured to be 115±1 μ s, which corresponds to a Gd concentration of 111±2 ppm, as expected for this level of Gd loading. This paper describes changes made to the water circulation system for this detector upgrade, the Gd loading procedure, detector commissioning, and the first neutron calibration measurements in SK-Gd.