Endogenous retroviruses and animal reproduction
Endogenous retroviruses and animal reproduction
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DOI：
10.1159/000084967
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发表时间：
2005-01-01
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Mallet, F
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Prudhomme, S;Bonnaud, B;Mallet, F
内源性逆转录病毒(ERV)作为宿主遗传遗产的一部分，可通过孟德尔式的方式传播给下一代。它们在动物基因组中的丰度以及它们主要在生殖细胞、胚胎组织和癌细胞系中的表达，引发了它们的生物学意义的问题。本文综述了ERV在从果蝇到人类的动物生殖生理和疾病中的可能作用。在男性中，ERV在生理过程中没有微不足道的参与。相反，人类男性的精子发生缺陷与Herv-K的表达和HERV15诱导的染色体改变有关，分别导致癌症和不育。在雌性中，对昆虫ERV(IERV)的研究指出了遗传学和病毒学之间的重叠，ZAM的遗传依赖调节以及吉普赛人的非传染性和传染性生命周期。ERV在啮齿动物、绵羊和人类雌性动物中的表达模式表明，一种激素依赖的机制符合哺乳动物发情周期的调节。涉及小鼠乳腺肿瘤病毒(MMTV)的乳腺上皮分化和乳腺肿瘤的发生说明了内源性和外源性逆转录病毒之间的密切联系。最后，作为ERV转录的主要部位，胎盘有助于我们理解ERV对邻近基因表达的调控。胎盘作为一个界面，即冲突和交流的场所，应该抵抗感染，并保护胎儿免受母体免疫系统的影响。理论上，由于受体干扰、免疫抑制和融合特性，逆转录病毒被膜可以提供这些特征，如参与合体滋养层形成的HERV-W被膜所表明的那样。最后，我们对ERV访客与其动物宿主的关系的进化和表观遗传后果进行了洞察。版权所有(C)2005年S.Karger AG，巴塞尔。
Endogenous retroviruses (ERV), as part of the host genetic heritage, are transmissible to the next generation in a Mendelian way. Their abundance in animal genomes and their expression primarily detected in germ cells, embryonic tissues and cancer cell lines, raised the question of their biological significance. This article reviews the possible role of ERVs in the physiology and diseases of animal reproduction, from Drosophila to human. In males, there is no trivial involvement of ERVs in a physiological process. Conversely, a spermatogenesis defect was associated in the human male with HERV-K expression and HERV15-induced chromosomal alteration, leading to cancer and infertility, respectively. In females, the study of insect ERVs (IERV) pointed out the overlap between genetics and virology with the genetic-dependent regulation of ZAM and the non-infectious and infectious life cycles of gypsy. The pattern of ERVs expression in rodent, ovine and human females suggest a hormone-dependent mechanism consistent with the mammalian oestrus cycle regulation. The differentiation of the mammary epithelium and breast tumorigenesis involving the mouse mammary tumour viruses (MMTV) illustrate the intimate connection between endogenous and exogenous retroviruses. Last, as a major site of ERVs transcription, placenta contributed to our understanding of ERVs modulation of neighbouring gene expression. As an interface, i.e. a site of conflicts and exchanges, placenta should resist infection and protect the foetus against the maternal immune system. Retroviral envelopes could theoretically provide such features due to receptor interference, immunosuppression and fusion properties, as shown by the HERV-W envelope involved in the syncytiotrophoblast formation. We conclude with an insight on the evolutionary and epigenetic consequences of the relationships of ERV guests with their animal hosts. Copyright (c) 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel.