Population-Wide Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Drinking Water in the United States
Population-Wide Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Drinking Water in the United States
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DOI：
10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00713
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发表时间：
2020-12-08
影响因子：
10.9
通讯作者：
Naidenko, Olga, V
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Andrews, David Q.;Naidenko, Olga, V
在美国和世界范围内，公众持续接触饮用水中的全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）的程度仍不确定。在这里，我们分析了美国饮用水中PFAS发生的公开数据集。检测限低于1ng /L的测试表明，PFAS混合物在地表水中几乎无处不在，而地表水是美国人口的主要饮用水来源。我们估计，美国有1800万至8000万人饮用的自来水中全氟辛酸（PFOA）和全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）的浓度总和在10纳克/升或更高，超过2亿人饮用的水中全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸的浓度可能在1纳克/升或以上。包括加利福尼亚州、马萨诸塞州、密歇根州、新罕布什尔州、新泽西州、纽约州和佛蒙特州在内的美国多个州已经制定或提议了全氟辛烷磺酸和全氟辛烷磺酸的限值，这些限值明显低于美国环境保护署为全氟辛烷磺酸和全氟辛烷磺酸的总浓度设定的70纳克/升的终身饮用水健康咨询水平。在美国不同的州内和州之间，PFAS的发生率存在显著差异，这突出了对饮用水源和成品水中PFAS进行系统监测的必要性。
The extent of ongoing exposure to the general public from per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water in the United States and worldwide remains uncertain. Here, we analyze publicly accessible data sets of PFAS occurrence in drinking water in the United States. Testing with detection limits below 1 ng/L revealed that mixtures of PFAS are nearly ubiquitous in surface water, the predominate source of drinking water for the U.S. population. We estimate that 18-80 million people in the U.S. receive tap water with 10 ng/L or greater concentration of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) combined, and over 200 million people likely receive water with a PFOA and PFOS concentration at or above 1 ng/L. Multiple U.S. states including California, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, and Vermont have either set or proposed limits for PFOA and PFOS that are significantly lower than the nonregulatory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency established lifetime drinking water health advisory level of 70 ng/L for the combined concentration of PFOA and PFOS. There is significant variation in PFAS occurrence within and between different U.S. states, highlighting the need for systematic monitoring of PFAS in both source and finished drinking water.