Parasite and pathogen effects on ecosystem processes: A quantitative review
Parasite and pathogen effects on ecosystem processes: A quantitative review
复制标题
DOI：
10.1002/ecs2.3057
复制
发表时间：
2020-05-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Solomon, Christopher T.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fischhoff, Ilya R.;Huang, Tao;Solomon, Christopher T.
病原体和寄生虫（以下简称“病原体”）可占生态系统中生物量的很大比例，因此，它们对生态系统进程的影响应该是突出的。病原体通过影响宿主的丰度或表型以及通过对生态系统生产的直接贡献来影响生态系统过程。然而，这些影响对生态系统进程的相对影响大小的定量综合却很少。本研究对病原体对初级生产力、次级生产力和生物地球化学循环的影响进行了系统回顾和荟萃分析。我们发现，病原体对生态系统过程的影响是更大的病原体影响主机或社区丰度或生物量比当他们影响表型。病原体对初级生产力的影响大于对次级生产力或生态地球化学循环的影响。相比之下，我们没有发现一般的差异，在主机或病原体类群或生态系统类型（陆地与水生）的影响大小。虽然我们已经发现了对负面结果的出版偏见的潜在证据，这是荟萃分析中的一个众所周知的问题，但我们的工作表明，现有文献对某些分类群和地理区域的代表性不足。为了更好地了解病原体对生态系统过程的影响程度和规模，未来的研究需要在四个领域进行。首先，需要对研究最不足的系统进行研究，包括细菌和病毒以及热带生态系统。第二个优先事项是寻求了解生态系统变化的关键组成部分，包括年龄（生态连续性的时间），生产力和物种多样性和组成，如何相互作用，以介导病原体的影响。第三，我们建议扩大研究气候变化、物种引进、森林砍伐和其他人类影响如何影响病原体效应的工作。第四，我们预计，主机共感染影响生态系统的过程中，不能总是预测的基础上研究单一感染的方式。为了使其他人能够在这项工作的基础上，我们提供了我们从文献中提取的数据，以及计算效应量的代码。
Pathogens and parasites (henceforth "pathogens") can make up a large percentage of the biomass found in ecosystems, and therefore, their impacts on ecosystem processes should be prominent. Pathogens influence ecosystem processes by affecting the abundance or phenotype of hosts and through direct contributions to ecosystem production. However, there has been little quantitative synthesis of the relative effect sizes of these impacts on ecosystem processes. This study presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of pathogen effects on primary production, secondary production, and biogeochemical cycles. We find that the effects of pathogens on ecosystem processes were greater where pathogens influenced host or community abundance or biomass than when they influenced phenotypes. Pathogen impacts on primary production were larger than on secondary production or biogeochemical cycles. By contrast, we detected no general differences in effect sizes across host or pathogen taxon or ecosystem type (terrestrial vs. aquatic). While we have found potential evidence of publication bias against negative results, a well-known issue in meta-analyses, our work nonetheless shows that the available literature under-represents some taxa and geographic regions. To better understand the extent and magnitude of pathogen impacts on ecosystem processes, future research is needed in four areas. First, research is needed on the most understudied systems, including bacteria and viruses, as well as tropical ecosystems. A second priority is research seeking to understand how key components of ecosystem variation, including age (time of ecological continuity), productivity, and species diversity and composition, may interact to mediate pathogen impacts. Third, we suggest expanding on work examining how pathogen effects are influenced by climate change, species introductions, deforestation, and other human impacts. Fourth, we expect that host coinfection influences ecosystem processes in ways that cannot always be predicted based on studies of single infections. To enable others to build on this work, we make available the data we extracted from the literature, with the code for computing effect sizes.