Reviews of the environmental effects of pollutants: VII. Lead
Reviews of the environmental effects of pollutants: VII. Lead
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污染物环境影响评价：七．
DOI：
10.2172/5791070
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发表时间：
1979
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
H. H. Krause
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. A. Bell;R. Ewing;G. A. Lutz;V. L. Holoman;B. Paris;H. H. Krause
自工业革命以来，环境中的铅浓度显著增加。到达环境的铅污染物或多或少以不溶性形式固定下来。在人类食物链中，铅并不是一种重要的生物磁体。由于铅在环境介质中的溶解度很低，而且土壤具有结合铅离子的能力，因此铅向食物的转移最小化。动物产品对人体铅负荷的贡献可以忽略不计。目前最严重的毒理学问题似乎是儿童的铅中毒，主要是由于异食癖和老房子上使用的含铅油漆。由社区行动、大规模筛查和改进的治疗所推动的立法提供了保证，可归因于油漆来源的铅中毒将继续下降，并可能最终被根除。近年来，铅的不良影响表现为轻微的神经功能障碍以及运动和心理能力受损，特别是在儿童中。在正常情况下，饮食是铅的主要来源;空气中的铅是次要来源。虽然铅在所有食品中都可以检测到，但在焊接边缝的罐头食品中，铅的浓度可能会超过装罐前生食品中铅浓度的两倍。这项研究回顾了铅对环境的影响。它包括物理和化学性质，分析方法，微生物，植物，动物和人类的生物学方面，环境分布和转化以及环境相互作用及其后果的讨论。«少
Lead concentrations in the environment have increased significantly since the industrial revolution. Lead contamination reaching the environment is more or less immobilized in insoluble forms. Lead is not biomagnified to any significant extent in man's food chain. The transfer of lead to foods is minimized by its low solubility in environmental media, and by the ability of soil to bind lead ions. The contribution of animal products to human lead burdens is negligible. The most serious toxicological problem at present appears to be lead poisoning in children, primarily as a result of pica and lead-based paints used on old homes. Legislation prompted by community action, mass screening, and improved therapy provide assurance that plumbism attributable to paint sources will continue to decline and possible be eventually eradicated. In recent years, adverse effects of lead have manifested themselves, especially in children, as minor neurological dysfunctions and impairments of motor and mental abilities. Diet is the principal source of lead under normal circumstances; lead from air is a minor contributor. While lead is detectable in all foods, concentrations in food in cans with soldered side seams may exceed twice those in the raw food before canning. This study reviews the environmental impactmore » of lead. It includes a discussion of the physical and chemical properties, analytical methods, the biological aspects in microorganisms, plants, animals, and humans, environmental distribution and transformation and environmental interactions and their consequences.« less