De facto ‘States’ around the Black Sea: The Importance of Fear
De facto ‘States’ around the Black Sea: The Importance of Fear
复制标题
黑海周边事实上的“国家”：恐惧的重要性
DOI：
10.1080/14683850701566484
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发表时间：
2007
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
D. Lynch
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Lynch
2007 年 4 月 11 日，欧盟委员会提交了题为《黑海协同：一项新的区域合作倡议》的通讯。该通讯反映了多种因素的影响，这些因素导致欧盟（EU）考虑加大对黑海地区的参与力度。最重要的是，2004 年 5 月和 2007 年 1 月欧盟的东扩使欧盟在地理上来到了黑海海岸线。随着欧盟努力成为外交政策的参与者，黑海问题对欧盟来说意义重大。另一个因素加剧了参与该地区事务的复杂性，即四个自行宣布的“国家”的存在：摩尔多瓦境内的普里德涅斯托夫摩尔多瓦共和国（PMR）、格鲁吉亚境内的南奥塞梯共和国、阿布哈兹共和国以及阿塞拜疆境内的纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫共和国。本文探讨了这些事实上的“国家”的存在所引发的三个问题。首先，讨论简要考察了事实上的“国家”的概念。其次，自苏联解体以来，是什么支撑着这些未被承认的实体？本节探讨恐惧作为维持力量的特殊重要性。第三，对事实上的“国家”的个人、国家和地区层面的安全影响是什么？随着欧盟更加深入地参与黑海事务，这三个问题都与欧盟相关。
On 11 April 2007, the European Commission presented its Communication entitled Black Sea Synergy: A New Regional Cooperation Initiative. This Communication reflected the influence of a combination of factors that have led the European Union (EU) to consider greater engagement in the Black Sea region. Most importantly, the enlargement of the EU in May 2004 and January 2007 brought the Union geographically to the coastline of the Black Sea itself. The Black Sea raises high stakes in the EU as it works to become a foreign policy actor. The complexity of engaging in the region is exacerbated by an additional factor—the existence of four self‐declared ‘states’: the Pridnestrovyan Moldovan Republic (PMR) inside Moldovan borders, the Republic of South Ossetia, the Republic of Abkhazia, within Georgian borders, and the Nagorno‐Karabakh Republic in Azerbaijan. This article explores three questions raised by the existence of these de facto ‘states’. First, the discussion examines briefly the concept of the de facto ‘state’. Second, what has sustained these non‐recognised entities since the collapse of the Soviet Union? This section examines the particular importance of fear as a sustaining force. And third, what is the security impact at the individual, state and regional level of the de facto ‘states’? All three questions are relevant for the EU as it becomes more deeply engaged in the Black Sea.