A Peaceful, Silent, Deadly Remedy: The Ethics of Economic Sanctions
A Peaceful, Silent, Deadly Remedy: The Ethics of Economic Sanctions
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和平、无声、致命的补救措施：经济制裁的伦理
DOI：
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发表时间：
1999
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
Joy Gordon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Joy Gordon
经济制裁正在成为后冷战时代国际治理的主要工具之一。制裁长期以来一直被视为一种政治干预形式，不会造成严重的人类损害，因此不会引发紧迫的道德问题。然而，制裁的本质是它们有效地针对社会中最脆弱和最不政治化的群体，因此它们必须受到道德审查。本文在三个道德框架的背景下审视制裁：正义战争主义、义务论道德和功利主义。它认为制裁不符合正义战争理论的歧视原则；制裁通过利用无辜者的痛苦作为说服手段，使个人沦为达到目的的手段，从而违反了康德的原则，即人类“本身就是目的”；从功利主义的角度来看，制裁是不可接受的，因为其经济效力必然会造成相当大的人员损害，而实现政治目标的可能性却很低。
Economic sanctions are emerging as one of the major tools of international governance in the post-Cold War era. Sanctions have long been seen as a form of political intervention that does not cause serious human damage, and therefore does not raise pressing ethical questions. However, the nature of sanctions is that they effectively target the most vulnerable and least political sectors of society, and for this reason they must be subject to ethical scrutiny. This essay looks at sanctions in the context of three ethical frameworks: just war doctrine, deontological ethics, and utilitarianism. It argues that sanctions are inconsistent with the principle of discrimination from just war doctrine; that sanctions reduce individuals to nothing more than means to an end by using the suffering of innocents as a means of persuasion, thereby violating the Kantian principle that human beings are “ends in themselves”; and that sanctions are unacceptable from a utilitarian perspective because their economic effectiveness necessarily entails considerable human damage, while their likelihood of achieving political objectives is low.