Are conjunction rule violations the result of conversational rule violations?
Are conjunction rule violations the result of conversational rule violations?
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违反合取规则是违反会话规则的结果吗？
DOI：
10.1007/bf01067877
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发表时间：
1991
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
I. Noveck
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
G. Politzer;I. Noveck
本文研究的是Kahneman和Tversky（1982）提出的连词错误。在体现这种错误的典型问题--琳达问题中，研究人员向受试者描述了一位名叫琳达的31岁自由进步主义者，并要求受试者根据其可能性对今天与琳达有关的许多事件进行排序。三个有趣的事件是琳达是一名银行出纳员（事件A），琳达积极参与女权运动（事件B），琳达是一名银行出纳员并积极参与女权运动（事件A和B）。受试者对Linda是一名银行出纳员并积极参与女权运动的评价（A和B）高于Linda是一名银行出纳员的评价（A）。这个判断违反了概率的基本定律，即p（A和B）≤ p（A）。卡尼曼和特沃斯基认为，这种反应倾向是代表性启发的结果，导致受试者忽略逻辑考虑的关系集，并排名的选择，他们的相似性琳达的描述。另一方面，我们认为任务要求迫使被试将选择A解释阿萨而不是B。当受试者在描述琳达的背景下对A及其子类A和B进行不寻常的比较时，这与任务的解决方案基本上无关，琳达是一名银行出纳员，琳达是一名银行出纳员，并不活跃于女权运动。通过这种解释，受试者的典型反应模式不再被认为与逻辑原则相矛盾。一个实验是使用三个法语linda类型的问题在两种情况下：一个是在预期的含义被封锁，一个是在其中的含义是鼓励重现。这两个问题都被比作法国版的琳达问题。琳达问题的结构是根据会话原则，特别是相关性（Sperber和Wilson，1986）和数量准则（Grice，1975）进行讨论的。
This study is concerned with the conjunction error as reported by Kahneman and Tversky (1982). In the prototypical problem that manifests this error, theLinda problem, subjects are presented with a description of a 31-year-old liberal progressive named Linda and asked to rank in order a number of events concerning Linda today in terms of their likelihood. The three events of interest areLinda is a bank teller (eventA),Linda is active in the feminist movement (eventB), andLinda is a bank teller and active in the feminist movement (eventA and B). Subjects typically rankedLinda is a bank teller and active in the feminist movement (A and B) higher thanLinda is a bank teller (A). This judgment violates a fundamental law of probability, namely, thatp (A and B) ≤ p(A). Kahneman and Tversky argue that this response tendency is a result of therepresentativeness heuristic which causes subjects to ignore logical considerations of set relations and to rank the choices in terms of their resemblance to Linda's description. On the other hand, we argue that the task demands compel subjects to interpret the choiceA asA and not-B. When subjects make the unusual comparison betweenA and its subclassA and B in the context of a description of Linda that is largely irrelevant to the task's solution,Linda is a bank teller becomesLinda is a bank teller and is not active in the feminist movement. With this interpretation, subjects' typical response patterns no longer can be considered in contradiction to logical principles. One experiment is presented that uses three French languageLinda-type problems in two conditions: one in which the expected implicature is blocked and one in which the implicature is encouraged to reappear. These are both compared to a French version of theLinda problem. The structure of theLinda problem is discussed in light of conversational principles, particularly relevance (Sperber and Wilson, 1986) and the maxim of quantity (Grice, 1975).