Gold Concentrations in Abiotic Materials, Plants, and Animals: A Synoptic Review
Gold Concentrations in Abiotic Materials, Plants, and Animals: A Synoptic Review
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DOI：
10.1023/b:emas.0000003567.66682.d8
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发表时间：
2004
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
R. Eisler
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Eisler
金(Au)在环境中无处不在，在世界各地进行商业开采。它也是一种过敏原，会引起敏感人群的皮炎。在黄金开采和加工设施附近采集的样本中，金的浓度相对较高，尽管没有发现鸟类和非人类哺乳动物的数据。据报道，非生物材料中金的最高含量为：雨水中0.001μg L-1；热液喷口附近海水中0.0015μg l-1与其他地方相比；0.00004-0.0007μg L-1干重(DW)；地壳中5.0μg kg-1干重(DW)；金矿附近淡水溪流中19.0μg L-1干重；高速公路附近大气粉尘中440μg kg-1DW；内华达州金矿附近冲积土壤中843μg kg-1DW vs.<；29μg kg-1DW预采；俄罗斯一家冶炼厂附近的雪中含有2.53mgkg-1DW，而参照点为0.35mgkg-1DW；污水污泥中含有4.5mgkg-1DW；来自海底的多金属硫化物中含有28.7mgkg-1DW；金矿尾矿堆附近淡水沉积物中的含雪量为256.0 mg kg-1DW，而开采前为5μg kg-1DW。在植物方面，据报告，在金矿作业附近的陆地植被中，金的浓度升高了19μg Au kg-1DW；在一个参考点，4μg Kg-1DW；在金矿下游的水生苔藓中，浓度为37μg Kg-1DW；在土壤中种植的豆类的叶片中，Au的浓度升高了150μg Au kg-1DW；在接受金矿废料的河流的藻席中，Au的浓度高达1.06mgKg-1DW；在选定的黄金蓄积植物中，浓度为0.1mgKg-1DW。鱼和水生无脊椎动物的Au含量为0.138μg kg-1DW。在人类中，牙科技术人员的尿金浓度高达1.1μg L-1，而参考人群中的金浓度为0.002-0.85μg L-1；母乳中的金浓度高达2.1μg L-1，归因于母亲的黄金补牙和珠宝；金匠头发中的金浓度高达1.4 mg kg-1dw，而正常范围为6-880μg kg-1；类风湿性关节炎患者的全血中的金浓度高达2.39 mg L-1，而接受黄金硫醇药物治疗的类风湿关节炎患者的正常范围为0.2-2.0μg L-1；60.00~233.0 mg·kg~(-1)鲜重(FW)的类风湿关节炎患者，与治疗140月后的42.0mgkg~(-1)肾脏相比。
Gold (Au) is ubiquitous in the environment and mined commercially at numerous locations worldwide. It is also an allergen that induces dermatitis in sensitive individuals. Gold concentrations were comparatively elevated in samples collected near gold mining and processing facilities, although no data were found for birds and non-human mammals. Maximum gold concentrations reported in abiotic materials were 0.001 μg L-1in rainwater; 0.0015 μgL-1in seawater near hydrothermal vents vs. <0.00004–0.0007 μg L-1elsewhere; 5.0 μg kg-1dry weight (DW) in the Earth's crust; 19.0 μg L-1in a freshwater stream near a gold mining site; 440 μg kg-1DW in atmospheric dust near a high traffic road; 843 μg kg-1DW in alluvial soil near a Nevada gold mine vs. <29 μg kg-1DW premining; 2.53 mg kg-1DW in snow near a Russian smelter vs. <0.35 mg kg-1DW at a reference site; 4.5 mg kg-1DW in sewage sludge; 28.7 mg kg-1DW in polymetallic sulfides from the ocean floor; and 256.0 mg kg-1DW in freshwatersediments near a gold mine tailings pile vs. <5 μg kg-1DW prior to mining. In plants, elevated concentrations of 19 μg Au kg-1DW were reported in terrestrial vegetation near gold mining operations vs. <4 μg kg-1DW at a reference site; 37 μg kg-1DW in aquatic bryophytes downstream from a gold mine; 150 μg Au kg-1DW in leaves of beans grown in soil containing 170 μg kg-1DW; up to 1.06 mg kg-1DW in algal mats of rivers receiving gold mine wastes; and 0.1–100 mg kg-1DW in selected gold accumulator plants. Fish and aquatic invertebrates contained 0.1–38.0 μg Au kg-1DW. In humans, gold concentrations up to 1.1 μg L-1were documented in urine ofdental technicians vs. 0.002–0.85 μg L-1in reference populations; 2.1 μg L-1in breast milk, attributed to gold dental fillings and jewelry of mothers; 1.4 mg kg-1DW in hairof goldsmiths vs. a normal range of 6–880 μg kg-1DW; 2.39 mg L-1in whole blood of rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving gold thiol drugs to reduce inflammation (chrysotherapy) vs. a normal range of 0.2–2.0 μg L-1; and 60.0 to 233.0 mg kg-1fresh weight (FW) in kidneys of rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing active chrysotherapy vs. <42.0 mg kg-1FW kidney 140 months posttreatment.