Exposure to particles, elemental carbon and nitrogen dioxide in workers exposed to motor exhaust
Exposure to particles, elemental carbon and nitrogen dioxide in workers exposed to motor exhaust
复制标题
DOI：
10.1093/annhyg/mem046
复制
发表时间：
2007-11-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Gustavsson, Per
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lewne, Marie;Plato, Nils;Gustavsson, Per
目的：本研究的主要目的是调查当暴露普遍和/或高时，个人在职业中接触柴油和汽油尾气的情况。我们还研究了五种颗粒组分[空气动力学直径< 1 μ m的颗粒（PM 1），空气动力学直径<2.5 μ m的颗粒（PM 2），空气动力学直径<2.5 μ m的颗粒（PM 3），空气动力学直径< 2.5 μ m的颗粒（PM 4），空气动力学直径< 2.5 μ m的颗粒（PM 5），空气动力学直径< 2.5 μ m的颗粒（PM 6），空气动力学直径< 2.5 μ m的颗粒（PM 7），空气动力学直径< 2.5 μ m的颗粒（PM 8），空气动力学直径< 2.5 μ m的颗粒（PM 9），空气动力学直径< 2.5 μ m的颗粒（PM 8），空气动力学直径<（PM2.5）、粒径0.1-10 μ m的颗粒物、元素碳（EC）和总碳（TC）]以及二氧化氮（NO2）。71名工人被纳入研究。根据工作区域、室内、室外或车辆工作以及接触类型（柴油或汽油废气），他们被分为七组。每个工人在3天内进行个人测量。我们使用了五个指标的颗粒分数：PM 1，PM2.5，颗粒测量与实时监测仪器的颗粒大小为0.1和10 μ m（DataRAM），EC和TC。我们使用NO2作为一个指标的气相。结果：隧道施工工人表现出最高的暴露水平的所有指标，其次是柴油暴露的车库工人。其他五组的水平在统计学上显著较低，组间差异较小。一号悬浮颗粒物的几何平均值在119 μ g m（-3）（隧道建筑工人）和11 μ g m（-3）（的士司机）之间变化。至于PM2.5，则介乎231微克米（-3）（隧道建筑工人）至16微克米（-3）（巴士及货车司机）之间。使用实时监测仪器DataRAM进行的测量显示，污染水平在398 μ g m（-3）（隧道施工工人）和14 μ g m（-3）（出租车司机）之间变化。就雇员补偿计划而言，空气污染物的水平介乎87微克立方米（隧道建造工人）至4微克立方米（其他暴露于柴油废气中的户外工人），而总碳氢化合物的水平则介乎191微克立方米（隧道建造工人）至10微克立方米（的士司机）。最后，对于NO2，水平在350 μ g m（-3）（隧道建筑工人）和32 μ g m（-3）（其他暴露于柴油废气的户外工人）之间变化。对于仅接触柴油机废气的室内工人，所有指标均具有较好的相关性，且具有统计学显著性（r（2）= 0.44-0.89）。对于其他组，相关性较低，并没有表现出一致的patterns.Conclusions：隧道施工工人的暴露水平的所有指示物质是相当大的，显着高于其他组。接触柴油机废气的室内工人的NO2水平高于所有其他组（隧道施工工人除外）。所有的颗粒分数，以及NO2相关的职业与室内暴露于柴油机废气。
Objectives: The main aim of this study was to investigate the personal exposure to diesel and petrol exhaust fumes in occupations when exposure is prevalent and/or high. We also investigated the correlation between the five particle fractions [particles with an aerodynamic diameter < 1 mu m (PM1), particles with an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 mu m (PM2.5), particles in size 0.1-10 mu m, elemental carbon (EC) and total carbon (TC)] and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), in the various occupational environments.Methods: Seventy-one workers were included in the study. They were subdivided into seven groups depending on working area, working indoors, out of doors or in vehicles and type of exposure (diesel or petrol exhaust). Personal measurements were performed during 3 days per worker. We used five indicators of the particle fraction: PM1, PM2.5, particle measured with a real-time monitoring instrument for particles in sizes 0.1 and 10 mu m (DataRAM), EC and TC. We used NO2 as an indicator of the gas phase.Results: Tunnel construction workers showed the highest levels of exposure for all indicators, followed by diesel-exposed garage workers. For the other five groups, the levels were statistically significantly lower, and the differences between the groups were small. The full-shift geometric average of PM1 varied between 119 mu g m(-3) (tunnel construction workers) and 11 mu g m(-3) (taxi drivers). For PM2.5, the levels varied between 231 mu g m(-3) (tunnel construction workers) and 16 mu g m(-3) (bus and lorry drivers). For the measurements with the real-time monitoring instrument DataRAM, the levels varied between 398 mu g m(-3) (tunnel construction workers) and 14 mu g m(-3) (taxi drivers). For EC, the levels varied between 87 mu g m(-3) (tunnel construction workers) and 4 mu g m(-3) (other outdoor workers exposed to diesel exhaust), and for TC, the levels varied between 191 mu g m(-3) (tunnel construction workers) and 10 mu g m(-3) (taxi drivers). Finally, for NO2, the levels varied between 350 mu g m(-3) (tunnel construction workers) and 32 mu g m(-3) (other outdoor workers exposed to diesel exhaust). For the indoor workers exposed to diesel exhaust fumes only, all the indicators correlated comparatively well and statistically significantly to each other (r(2) = 0.44-0.89). For the other groups, correlations were lower and showed no consistent pattern.Conclusions: The tunnel construction workers had exposure levels for all indicator substances that were considerably and significantly higher than for the other groups. The NO2 levels were higher for indoor workers exposed to diesel exhaust than for all other groups (except tunnel construction workers). All particle fractions, as well as NO2 correlated well in occupations with indoor exposure to diesel exhaust.