Adolescent brain development in normality and psychopathology.
Adolescent brain development in normality and psychopathology.
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DOI：
10.1017/s0954579413000643
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发表时间：
2013-11
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Luciana M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Luciana M
自本杂志创刊以来，青少年大脑发育领域蓬勃发展，研究人员已经调查了青少年冒险行为的基础。基于翻译模型的解释最初将这种行为归因于执行控制缺陷和额叶功能不佳。这一结论得到了证据的支持，即前额叶皮层及其相互连接是结构和功能最后成熟的大脑区域之一。由于前额叶功能的实质异质性被揭示出来，神经经济学理论在青少年发展中的应用导致了行为的双系统模型。目前的流行病学趋势，行为观察和功能磁共振成像的大脑活动模式表明，从儿童到青少年的二次增加，在limbically介导的激励动机，此后下降。这种提升发生在前额叶功能不成熟的情况下，所以动机性的努力可能很难调节。理论模型通过基于大脑的皮层下-皮层整合、基于青春期的青少年感觉寻求模型和神经化学动力学来解释这种模式。这些机制的经验健全的测试，以及生物学背景的相互作用的调查，代表了该领域最具挑战性的未来目标，使应用到精神病理学可以细化，使发展级联，纳入神经生物学变量可以建模。
Since this journal’s inception, the field of adolescent brain development has flourished, as researchers have investigated the underpinnings of adolescent risk-taking behaviors. Explanations based on translational models initially attributed such behaviors to executive control deficiencies and poor frontal lobe function. This conclusion was bolstered by evidence that the prefrontal cortex and its interconnections are among the last brain regions to structurally and functionally mature. As substantial heterogeneity of prefrontal function was revealed, applications of neuroeconomic theory to adolescent development led to dual systems models of behavior. Current epidemiological trends, behavioral observations, and functional magnetic resonance imaging based brain activity patterns suggest a quadratic increase in limbically mediated incentive motivation from childhood to adolescence and a decline thereafter. This elevation occurs in the context of immature prefrontal function, so motivational strivings may be difficult to regulate. Theoretical models explain this patterning through brain-based accounts of subcortical–cortical integration, puberty-based models of adolescent sensation seeking, and neurochemical dynamics. Empirically sound tests of these mechanisms, as well as investigations of biology–context interactions, represent the field’s most challenging future goals, so that applications to psychopathology can be refined and so that developmental cascades that incorporate neurobiological variables can be modeled.