Practical Application of Altitude/Hypoxic Training for Olympic Medal Performance: The Team USA Experience
Practical Application of Altitude/Hypoxic Training for Olympic Medal Performance: The Team USA Experience
复制标题
高原/低氧训练在奥运奖牌表现中的实际应用：美国队的经验
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2022
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Wilber
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Wilber
虽然科学结论仍然模棱两可，但有证据为基础的研究，以及轶事支持，表明高原训练可以提高奥运会水平运动员的表现，特别是在耐力运动中。这似乎主要是由于缺氧引起的总血红蛋白质量增加，以及随后的最大摄氧量和其他有助于有氧运动的因素的改善。虽然不太清楚，这是可能的，非血液学的适应可能有助于其次改善后的高原性能。这些生理效应最有可能实现时，海拔暴露是足够的“缺氧剂量”，以提供必要的刺激，通过缺氧诱导因子1α（HIF-1α）和缺氧诱导因子2α（HIF-2α）途径及其下游分子信号发生影响性能的变化。在过去的20年里，美国队一直致力于利用高原训练来提高精英运动员的表现，为奥运会和世界锦标赛做准备。几年前，美国队最强的奖牌产生奥运会项目-美国游泳和美国田径-接受了高原训练，他们继续成为美国队中实际和成功应用高原训练的领导者。美国游泳采用传统的“高住高练”（LH + TH）高原训练，而美国田径更倾向于使用高原训练策略，即运动员生活在高处（并且可能睡得更高，无论是自然的还是通过模拟海拔），而在中等强度的训练中，在高强度（>乳酸阈值2）训练期间进行低强度训练（LH + TH_[LT]）。虽然美国游泳队和美国田径队采取了不同的高原训练方法，但他们在奥运会和世界锦标赛上同样成功，两支球队在这些主要国际比赛中获得的奖牌排名世界第一。除了美国游泳和美国田径，其他几个美国队的运动有一贯的竞争力的性能结果与定期和系统的高原训练块。本文的目的是描述美国队运动员使用的选择高原训练策略，以及这些策略对重大国际比赛，特别是奥运会和世界锦标赛的领奖台表现的影响。
Although scientific conclusions remain equivocal, there is evidence-based research, as well as anecdotal support, suggesting that altitude training can enhance performance among Olympic level athletes, particularly in endurance sport. This appears to be due primarily to hypoxia-induced increases in total hemoglobin mass and subsequent improvements in maximal oxygen uptake and other factors contributing to aerobic performance. Although less clear, it is possible that non-hematological adaptations may contribute secondarily to improvements in post-altitude performance. These physiological effects are most likely realized when the altitude exposure is of sufficient “hypoxic dose” to provide the necessary stimuli for performance-affecting changes to occur via hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) pathways and their downstream molecular signaling. Team USA has made a strong commitment over the past 20 years to utilizing altitude training for the enhancement of performance in elite athletes in preparation for the Olympic Games and World Championships. Team USA’s strongest medal-producing Olympic sports—USA Swimming and USA Track and Field—embraced altitude training several years ago, and they continue to be leaders within Team USA in the practical and successful application of altitude training. Whereas USA Swimming utilizes traditional “live high and train high” (LH + TH) altitude training, USA Track and Field tends more toward the use of the altitude training strategy whereby athletes live high (and potentially sleep higher, either naturally or via simulated altitude), while training high during moderate-intensity (< lactate threshold 2) training sessions, and train low during high-intensity (> lactate threshold 2) training sessions (LH + TH_[LT]). Although USA Swimming and USA Track and Field have taken different approaches to altitude training, they have been equally successful at the Olympic Games and World Championships, both teams being ranked first in the world based on medals earned in these major international competitions. In addition to USA Swimming and USA Track and Field, several other Team USA sports have had consistently competitive performance results in conjunction with regular and systematic altitude training blocks. The purpose of this paper was to describe select altitude training strategies used by Team USA athletes, and the impact of those strategies on podium performance at major international competitions, specifically the Olympic Games and World Championships.