The Emergence of the Silent Witness
The Emergence of the Silent Witness
复制标题
沉默的证人的出现
作者：
T. Golan
19世纪后期x射线的发现不仅使科学界感到困惑，也使医学界和法律界感到困惑。通过打开的窗户观察人体的可能性挑战了长期以来对人体内腔的医学垄断。同样，将肉眼无法看到的物体可视化的可能性挑战了既定的法律理论和说明和证明的实践。本文描述了美国医学界和法律界对这些挑战的反应。这两个职业被视为相互联系的社会机构，不断进行谈判，通过这些谈判，法律理论对医学的影响不亚于科学发现和医学应用对法律的影响。这一联合分析为我们提供了一个丰富的故事，讲述了x射线历史上早期被忽视的一章：放射学的专业化，防御性医学的起源，以及视觉证据的法律理论和实践的演变。
The late 19th-century discovery of X-rays befuddled not only the scientific world but also the medical and legal worlds. The possibility of looking into the human body as if through an open window challenged the time-honored medical monopoly over the inner cavities of the human body. Likewise, the possibility of visualizing objects unavailable to the naked eye challenged the established legal theories and practices of illustration and proof. This paper describes the reactions to those challenges by the medical and the legal professions in the USA. The two professions are treated as connected social institutions, producing ongoing negotiations through which legal doctrines affect medicine no less than scientific discoveries and medical applications affect the law. This joint analysis rewards us with a rich story about an early and overlooked chapter in X-ray history on the professionalization of radiology, the origins of defensive medicine, and the evolution of the legal theory and practice of visual evidence.