ANTI-INTELLECTUALISM, POPULISM, AND MOTIVATED RESISTANCE TO EXPERT CONSENSUS
ANTI-INTELLECTUALISM, POPULISM, AND MOTIVATED RESISTANCE TO EXPERT CONSENSUS
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DOI：
10.1093/poq/nfz053
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发表时间：
2020-03-01
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Merkley, Eric
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Merkley, Eric
学者们认为，由于意识形态驱动的动机性推理，公众的态度往往偏离专家共识。然而，这并不能充分解释不那么突出和政治性的问题。需要更多地关注反智主义--对知识分子和专家的普遍不信任。利用综合社会调查的数据和亚马逊土耳其机器人对3,600名美国人的调查，我提供了反智主义和反对气候变化，核能，转基因生物和水氟化的科学立场之间存在强烈关联的证据，特别是对于具有较高政治兴趣的受访者。第二，一项调查实验表明，反智主义缓和了对专家共识线索的接受，因此反智主义水平高的受访者实际上增加了他们对这些立场的反对。第三，有证据表明，反智主义与民粹主义有关，民粹主义是一种将政治冲突主要视为普通公民与特权社会精英之间的世界观。暴露于随机分配的民粹主义言论，即使是不直接涉及专家，总理的反智倾向的受访者在处理专家共识线索。这些发现表明，反精英言论的增加可能会使反知识分子的情绪在信息处理中更加突出。
Scholars have maintained that public attitudes often diverge from expert consensus due to ideology-driven motivated reasoning. However, this is not a sufficient explanation for less salient and politically charged questions. More attention needs to be given to anti-intellectualism-the generalized mistrust of intellectuals and experts. Using data from the General Social Survey and a survey of 3,600 Americans on Amazon Mechanical Turk, I provide evidence of a strong association between anti-intellectualism and opposition to scientific positions on climate change, nuclear power, GMOs, and water fluoridation, particularly for respondents with higher levels of political interest. Second, a survey experiment shows that anti-intellectualism moderates the acceptance of expert consensus cues such that respondents with high levels of anti-intellectualism actually increase their opposition to these positions in response. Third, evidence shows anti-intellectualism is connected to populism, a worldview that sees political conflict as primarily between ordinary citizens and a privileged societal elite. Exposure to randomly assigned populist rhetoric, even that which does not pertain to experts directly, primes anti-intellectual predispositions among respondents in the processing of expert consensus cues. These findings suggest that rising anti-elite rhetoric may make anti-intellectual sentiment more salient in information processing.