Sustainable environments: common wood pastures in Norfolk
Sustainable environments: common wood pastures in Norfolk
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可持续环境：诺福克常见的木材牧场
DOI：
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发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Patsy Dallas
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Patsy Dallas
摘要本文研究了从中世纪到世纪早期诺福克公地的森林牧场的管理和可持续性。人们普遍认为，常见的森林牧场地区的环境特别不稳定，容易受到过度放牧和树木砍伐的影响，几乎没有办法维持牧场和木材的双重资源。然而，来自人口稠密、农业密集的诺福克县的证据对这一说法提出了挑战。本文利用包括庄园记录、手绘地图和与议会附文相关的文献资料等来源，论证了个体租户和平民群体捍卫了他们使用和维护树木繁茂的公共牧场的权利。庄园记录规定了管理现有截梢和在公地定期种植幼树的习惯权利。在整个十六和十七世纪，农民继续行使这些权利，当受到质疑时，他们充分利用当代司法制度，向法院提出申诉。来自诺福克的证据表明，森林牧场是由那些拥有共同权利的人管理和补充的，他们不顾反对和过度使用的可能性维持着这一资源。直到世纪末和19世纪初，当公地自己屈服于圈地运动时，公共的森林牧场才不再是诺福克风景的一部分。
ABSTRACT The following paper examines the management and sustainability of wood pasture on the commons of Norfolk from the medieval period until the early nineteenth century. It has been generally accepted that areas of common wood pasture were particularly unstable environments, subject to overgrazing and tree removal with little means of maintaining the dual resources of pasture and wood. However, evidence from the populous and intensively farmed county of Norfolk challenges that assertion. Using sources including manorial records, manuscript maps and the documentation associated with Parliamentary Enclosure this paper demonstrates that individual tenants and groups of commoners defended their right to use and maintain wooded common pastures. Manorial records defined customary rights to manage existing pollards and for the regular planting of young trees on commons. Peasant farmers continued to exercise these rights throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and, when challenged, took their grievances to the law courts, making full use of the contemporary judicial system. The evidence from Norfolk suggests that wood pastures were managed and replenished by those with common rights, who sustained this resource despite opposition and the potential for overuse. Only when the commons themselves succumbed to Enclosure in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century did common wood pasture cease to be a customary part of the Norfolk landscape.