Human genetic diversity and the nonexistence of biological races
Human genetic diversity and the nonexistence of biological races
复制标题
DOI：
10.1353/hub.2003.0058
复制
发表时间：
2003-08-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Kittles, RA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Long, JC;Kittles, RA
Sewall Wright的种群结构统计量F-ST在世界种群样本中的测量值通常为15%或更少，这表明85%的遗传变异发生在群体内，而只有15%可以归因于群体之间的等位基因频率差异。在本文中，我们表明，这个低的值反映了强烈的偏见，导致违反隐藏的假设，定义FST。FST的这些限制证明代数和分析的背景下，一组8个基因座的基因型在8个人类群体和黑猩猩的二核苷酸重复等位基因频率。在我们的分析中，FST的估计未能识别重要的变化。例如，当分析仅包括人类时，F-ST = 0.119，但添加黑猩猩仅使其增加一点点，F-ST = 0.183。通过放松基本的统计假设，黑猩猩的结果变得与常识一致，我们看到了人类遗传多样性的更丰富模式。一些人类群体的分歧远远超过F-ST标准计算所暗示的分歧，而其他群体的分歧则要小得多。我们讨论了这些研究结果的相关性，生物种族的概念，以人类的应用。四个不同的种族概念被认为是：类型，人口，分类，和血统。令人惊讶的是，群体内的大量遗传变异与这些概念中的每一个都是一致的。然而，没有一个种族概念与我们的分析所揭示的变异模式相一致。
Sewall Wright's population structure statistic, F-ST, measured among samples of world populations is often 15% or less. This would indicate that 85% of genetic variation occurs within groups while only 15% can be attributed to allele frequency differences among groups. In this paper, we show that this low value reflects strong biases that result from violating hidden assumptions that define FST. These limitations on FST are demonstrated algebraically and in the context of analyzing dinucleotide repeat allele frequencies for a set of eight loci genotyped in eight human groups and in chimpanzees. In our analyses, estimates of FST fail to identify important variation. For example, when the analysis includes only humans, F-ST = 0.119, but adding the chimpanzees increases it only a little, F-ST = 0.183. By relaxing the underlying statistical assumptions, the results for chimpanzees become consistent with common knowledge, and we see a richer pattern of human genetic diversity. Some human groups are far more diverged than would be implied by standard computations of F-ST, while other groups are much less diverged. We discuss the relevance of these findings to the application of biological race concepts to humans. Four different race concepts are considered: typological, population, taxonomic, and lineage. Surprisingly, a great deal of genetic variation within groups is consistent with each of these concepts. However, none of the race concepts is compatible with the patterns of variation revealed by our analyses.