Trends and patterns of air quality in Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands) in the period 2011-2015
Trends and patterns of air quality in Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands) in the period 2011-2015
复制标题
DOI：
10.1007/s11869-017-0484-x
复制
发表时间：
2017-10-01
影响因子：
5.1
通讯作者：
Massague, Jordi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Baldasano, Jose M.;Massague, Jordi
分析了2011-2015年间西班牙加那利群岛沿海城市圣克鲁斯特内里费的空气质量趋势和模式。地形和气象特征、靠近非洲大陆、亚速尔群岛反气旋的影响，再加上人为的(炼油厂、道路/海上交通)和自然排放，创造了特定的扩散条件。对SO2、NO2、PM10、PM2.5和O-3污染物进行了评估。该炼油厂是二氧化硫的主要来源；2011年期间，欧盟每小时和每天的平均限值超过了限值，2011年和2012年达到了警戒阈值。世卫组织日均指标偶尔会被超过。2011年和2012年浓度最高的三个监测站的年平均浓度在9.3至20.4微克/米之间(3)。SO2浓度与盛行风的空间分析证实了炼油厂对SO2水平的明显影响。在2014年和2015年，该炼油厂没有运行，浓度突然下降到2.5-7.1微克/立方米的本底水平，远远低于世卫组织的空气质量。欧盟第二限值以及世界卫生组织2011-2015年期间的空气质量没有超过。车辆逐步柴油化导致NO2年平均浓度(2011年至2015年)增加，在靠近繁忙道路的两个站点测得的NO2浓度分别为25至31微克/立方米(3)(+21%)和27至35微克/立方米(3)(+29%)。描述了NOx的每日和每周循环(工作日和周末)。NOx和O-3之间呈负相关，表明O-3是由局部排放的NO滴定的。据报道，O-3浓度较高是因为周末排放的NOx较少，显示出明显的周末效应。撒哈拉沙尘的侵入对PM水平有重大影响。在减去自然资源的贡献后，没有一个站点达到欧盟规定的年平均超标35次的最大值，尽管有些站点很少超标。没有一个监测站超过欧盟年度平均限值；然而，许多监测站超过了世卫组织空气质量年平均限值。各测站PM10年平均浓度波动范围为10.1~35.3µg/m(3)，其中本底浓度为6.5~24.4µg/m(3)，自然贡献率为4.2~9.1µg/m(3)。在此期间，除了降雨冲刷的影响外，没有发现PM10的时间趋势：2013年和2014年(该期间雨量最多的年份)的PM10浓度较低。没有一个监测站达到欧盟2015年PM2.5年平均限值。然而，几乎所有每天登记的监测站的平均空气质量指数都超过了世卫组织。2015年PM2.5浓度高于前几年(2015年8.8-12.3微克/米(3个)；2011-2014年3.7-9.6微克/米(3个))。O-3符合欧盟目标值；在整个时间段内，所有监测站有时都超过了更严格的世卫组织AQG。
Air quality trends and patterns in the coastal city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) for the period 2011-2015 were analyzed. The orographic and meteorological characteristics, the proximity to the African continent, and the influence of the Azores anticyclone in combination with the anthropogenic (oil refinery, road/maritime traffic) and natural emissions create specific dispersion conditions. SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, and O-3 pollutants were assessed. The refinery was the primary source of SO2; EU hourly and daily average limit values were exceeded during 2011 and alert thresholds were reached in 2011 and 2012. WHO daily mean guideline was occasionally exceeded. Annual averages in the three stations that registered the highest concentrations in 2011 and 2012 were between 9.3 and 20.4 mu g/m(3). The spatial analysis of SO2 concentrations with respect to prevailing winds corroborates a clear influence of the refinery to the SO2 levels. In 2014 and 2015, the refinery did not operate and the concentrations fell abruptly to background levels of 2.5-7.1 mu g/m(3) far below from WHO AQG. NO2 EU limit values, as well as WHO AQG for the period 2011-2015, were not exceeded. The progressive dieselization of the vehicle fleet caused an increment on NO2 annual mean concentrations (from 2011 to 2015) measured at two stations close to busy roads 25 to 31 mu g/m(3) (+21%) and 27 to 35 mu g/m(3) (+29%). NOx daily and weekly cycles (working days and weekends) were characterized. An anti-correlation was found between NOx and O-3, showing that O-3 is titrated by locally emitted NO. Higher O-3 concentrations were reported because less NOx emitted during the weekends showing a clear weekend effect. Saharan dust intrusions have a significant impact on PM levels. After subtracting natural sources contribution, none of the stations reached the EU maximum 35 yearly exceedances of daily means despite seldom exceedances at some stations. None of the stations exceeded the annual mean EU limit values; however, many stations exceeded the annual mean WHO AQG. Observed PM10 annual average concentrations in all the stations fluctuated between 10.1 and 35.3 mu g/m(3), where background concentrations were 6.5-24.4 mu g/m(3) and natural contributions: 4.2-9.1 mu g/m(3). No PM10 temporal trends were identified during the period except for an effect of washout due to the rain: concentrations were lower in 2013 and 2014 (the most rainy years of the period). None of the stations reached the PM2.5 annual mean EU 2015 limit value. However, almost all the stations registered daily mean WHO AQG exceedances. During 2015, PM2.5 concentrations were higher than the previous years (2015, 8.8-12.3 mu g/m(3); 2011-2014, 3.7-9.6 mu g/m(3)). O-3 complied with EU target values; stricter WHO AQG were sometimes exceeded in all the stations for the whole time period.