Tobacco smoking is a 'dependence', not a 'habit'.
Tobacco smoking is a 'dependence', not a 'habit'.
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DOI：
10.1080/14622299050011231
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发表时间：
1999-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Perkins, K A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Perkins, K A
随着一个研究领域的成熟，其知识基础变得更加完整，该领域内的术语和现象分类通常会变得更加具体。例如，在药物滥用领域使用的“依赖性”已被用来定义与药物使用有关的特定现象（诊断标准）的存在，这些现象表明临床损害，例如尽管努力减少或戒烟，或尽管知道药物对自己造成伤害，但仍坚持使用药物（美国精神病学协会，1994年）。大多数烟草制品消费者也表现出符合“依赖性”定义的使用模式（Hughes，1993年; Stolerman和Jarvis，1995年; West，1995年）。然而，吸烟领域的许多研究人员将吸烟称为口头和书面科学交流中的“习惯”。例如，最近编辑的一本书（Bollinger & Fagerstrom，1998）的15章中有一半以上的章节，包括吸烟领域杰出研究人员的贡献，在描述吸烟时使用“习惯”或“习惯性”。“习惯”在药物使用方面没有特别的科学定义，这应该足以阻止吸烟研究人员在科学交流中使用它。此外，公众常用的“习惯”似乎在重要方面与“依赖”的研究定义不同，倾向于指有规律地发生但对公共健康不是特别棘手或危险的行为。《美国传统词典》（American Heritage Dictionary，1976年）将“习惯”定义为“一种持续的，经常是无意识的倾向，通过频繁的重复来完成某种行为。第二个定义是”习惯的方式或做法“。“这些定义反映了”习惯“一词在一般人群中的典型用法。外行人经常恰当地使用“习惯”来描述看电视、咬指甲、身体姿势或举止等。这些行为很少或没有健康风险，随着时间的推移，其强度或频率可能会发生很大变化，并且很容易改变。
As a research field matures and its knowledge base becomes more complete, terminology and classification of phenomena within the field usually gain specificity. For example,'dependence'as used in the drug abuse field has come to define the presence of specific phenomena (diagnostic criteria) associated with drug use that are indicative of clinical impairment, such as persisting in drug use despite efforts to cut down or quit, or despite knowledge of the harm it is doing to oneself (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Most consumers of tobacco products also exhibit a pattern of use that meets this definition of'dependence'(Hughes, 1993; Stolerman & Jarvis, 1995; West, 1995). Yet, many researchers in the smoking field refer to cigarette smoking as a'habit'in oral and written scientific communication. For example, more than half of the 15 chapters in a recent edited book (Bollinger & Fagerstrom, 1998), with contributions from eminent researchers in the smoking field, included'habit'or'habitual'in describing cigarette smoking.'Habit'has no particular scientific definition with regard to drug use, which should be reason enough to discourage its use by smoking researchers in scientific communication. Moreover,'habit'as commonly used by the public appears to differ in important ways from the research definition of'dependence'and tends to refer to behaviors that occur with regularity but are not particularly intractable or dangerous to public health.'Habit'is defined by the American Heritage dictionary (1976) as" a constant, often unconscious inclination to perform some act, acquired through its frequent repetition." The second definition is" customary manner or practice." These definitions reflect the typical usage of the word'habit'among the general population. Lay people often appropriately use'habit'to describe TV watching, fingernail biting, physical gestures or mannerisms, etc.--behaviors that have little or no health risk, may be quite variable in intensity or frequency over time, and are readily amenable to efforts to change.