The Swedish Malaise Trap Project: A 15 Year Retrospective on a Countrywide Insect Inventory
The Swedish Malaise Trap Project: A 15 Year Retrospective on a Countrywide Insect Inventory
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DOI：
10.3897/bdj.8.e47255
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发表时间：
2020-01-21
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
Ronquist, Fredrik
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Karlsson, Dave;Hartop, Emily;Ronquist, Fredrik
瑞典不适陷阱项目（SMTP）是有史以来最雄心勃勃的昆虫清单之一。该项目旨在针对瑞典各种栖息地中鲜为人知的昆虫群体。该实地活动涉及在全国55个地点部署73个疾病陷阱，为期三年（2003-2006年）。在过去的15年里，收集到的材料已经由训练有素的技术人员手工分类成300多个适合专家注意的分类部分。由此产生的收集对世界各地的昆虫学家来说是一笔巨大的财富，特别是当我们现在迫切需要基线数据来评估昆虫减少和气候变化等现象时。在这里，我们描述了SMTP的历史，组织，方法和物流，重点是所采取的决定和沿着吸取的教训的基本原理。SMTP代表了社区科学应用于大规模库存工作的早期实例之一，严重依赖实地和实验室的志愿者。我们估计了工作人员和志愿者的努力。该项目由瑞典分类学倡议资助;总的来说，清单的成本不到3000万瑞典克朗（约310万美元）。基于样本的一个子集，我们确定了SMTP材料的大小和分类组成。几种不同的外推方法表明，该材料总共包含约2000万个样本。材料以双翅目（75%）和膜翅目（15%）为主。双翅目中，优势类群为摇蚊科（37%）、粪蝇科（15%）、蚤蝇科（13%）、瘿蚊科（9.5%）和菌蝇科（9.4%）。其中主要类群为姬蜂科（占标本总数的44%）、盾甲总科（占标本总数的19%）、茧蜂科（占标本总数的9.6%）、扁腹总科（占标本总数的8.5%）和小蜂总科（占标本总数的7.9%）。分类组成随纬度和季节而变化。一些双翅目和膜翅目类群在非夏季样本（从9月到4月收集）和北部更常见，而其他类群则显示出相反的模式。到目前为止，大约1%的材料已经被专家处理和鉴定。这些材料代表了4,000多个物种。其中三分之一以前从未在瑞典记录过，其中近700种是新的科学。这些结果表明，在古北界昆虫区系的分类学研究方面仍有大量工作要做。SMTP的经验的基础上，我们讨论了规划和进行未来的大规模昆虫库存项目，主要使用传统的方法在最近的方法，依赖于分子技术的方面。
The Swedish Malaise Trap Project (SMTP) is one of the most ambitious insect inventories ever attempted. The project was designed to target poorly known insect groups across a diverse range of habitats in Sweden. The field campaign involved the deployment of 73 Malaise traps at 55 localities across the country for three years (2003-2006). Over the past 15 years, the collected material has been hand sorted by trained technicians into over 300 taxonomic fractions suitable for expert attention. The resulting collection is a tremendous asset for entomologists around the world, especially as we now face a desperate need for baseline data to evaluate phenomena like insect decline and climate change. Here, we describe the history, organisation, methodology and logistics of the SMTP, focusing on the rationale for the decisions taken and the lessons learned along the way. The SMTP represents one of the early instances of community science applied to large-scale inventory work, with a heavy reliance on volunteers in both the field and the laboratory. We give estimates of both staff effort and volunteer effort involved. The project has been funded by the Swedish Taxonomy Initiative; in total, the inventory has cost less than 30 million SEK (approximately 3.1 million USD). Based on a subset of the samples, we characterise the size and taxonomic composition of the SMTP material. Several different extrapolation methods suggest that the material comprises around 20 million specimens in total. The material is dominated by Diptera (75% of the specimens) and Hymenoptera (15% of specimens). Amongst the Diptera, the dominant groups are Chironomidae (37% of specimens), Sciaridae (15%), Phoridae (13%), Cecidomyiidae (9.5%) and Mycetophilidae (9.4%). Within Hymenoptera, the major groups are Ichneumonidae (44% of specimens), Diaprioidea (19%), Braconidae (9.6%), Platygastroidea (8.5%) and Chalcidoidea (7.9%). The taxonomic composition varies with latitude and season. Several Diptera and Hymenoptera groups are more common in non-summer samples (collected from September to April) and in the North, while others show the opposite pattern. About 1% of the total material has been processed and identified by experts so far. This material represents over 4,000 species. One third of these had not been recorded from Sweden before and almost 700 of them are new to science. These results reveal the large amounts of taxonomic work still needed on Palaearctic insect faunas. Based on the SMTP experiences, we discuss aspects of planning and conducting future large-scale insect inventory projects using mainly traditional approaches in relation to more recent approaches that rely on molecular techniques.