Rebuilding the North Carolina Coast after Hurricane Fran: Did Public Regulations Matter?
Rebuilding the North Carolina Coast after Hurricane Fran: Did Public Regulations Matter?
复制标题
弗兰飓风后重建北卡罗来纳州海岸：公共法规重要吗？
DOI：
10.1080/08920750290042192
复制
发表时间：
2002
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
G. H. Ii
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Platt;D. Salvesen;G. H. Ii
北卡罗来纳州是美国最重要的度假胜地之一，其320英里的海滨海岸线经常受到登陆飓风和温带冬季风暴的袭击。1996年，飓风“弗兰”在飓风“伯莎”两个月后，造成了大约70亿美元的公共和私人损失，其中包括4万所房屋被毁，11.5万幢建筑被毁，25人丧生。北卡罗来纳州沿海地区的风暴后重建工作受到一系列复杂的联邦、州和地方法律的管辖，其中最重要的是《州沿海地区管理法》（CAMA）。该法案在《国家洪水保险计划》和《联邦海岸屏障资源法》的基础上得到加强，旨在通过灾后调整结构的水平和垂直位置等措施，减少未来沿海灾害的脆弱性。本文回顾了1996年飓风后重建北卡罗来纳州海滨的经验，以辨别这些法律的影响，如果有的话。这项研究是基于对灾后评估的回顾、对关键人员的采访、新闻媒体报道和直接观察。我们发现在垂直标高和建筑规范方面得到了广泛的遵守，但在CAMA下，最小挫折的应用相当不均衡，特别是在移除植被的地方。为了抵御海浪和风力，海滨建筑正在建造得更坚固，但它们很容易受到持续的侵蚀，导致海滩和沙丘冲刷，并可能导致平均高潮线以下的建筑搁浅。在北托普赛海滩临时更换沙丘和海岸道路的经验表明，政治压力可能压倒国会限制基础设施重复损失成本的意图，特别是在《海岸屏障资源法案》指定的地区。
The 320-mile oceanfront shoreline of North Carolina, one of the nation's premier vacation destinations, is frequently struck by landfalling hurricanes and extratropical winter storms. In 1996, Hurricane Fran, two months after Hurricane Bertha, inflicted an estimated $7 billion in public and private damage, including 40,000 homes destroyed, 115,000 buildings damaged, and 25 lives lost. Post-storm rebuilding of the North Carolina coastal zone is governed by a complex array of federal, state, and local laws, of which the keystone is the state Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA). This act, as augmented by the National Flood Insurance Program and the federal Coastal Barrier Resources Act, seeks to reduce vulnerability to future coastal hazards through postdisaster adjustments in the horizontal and vertical placement of structures, among other measures. This article reviews experience in rebuilding the North Carolina oceanfront after the 1996 hurricanes to discern the influence, if any, of these laws. The research is based on review of postdisaster assessments, interviews with key personnel, news media reports, and direct observation. We found widespread compliance with vertical elevation and building codes but rather uneven application of minimum setbacks under CAMA, especially where vegetation was removed. Oceanfront structures are being built more strongly to resist wave and wind forces but are vulnerable to ongoing erosion, resulting in beach and dune scour, and possible stranding of structures below the mean high water line. Experience with temporary replacement of dunes and the shore road at North Topsail Beach indicates that political pressure may overwhelm the intent of Congress to limit repetitive loss costs for infrastructure, especially in areas designated under the Coastal Barrier Resources Act.