Polymicrobial respiratory disease in pigs
Polymicrobial respiratory disease in pigs
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DOI：
10.1017/s1466252311000120
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发表时间：
2011-12-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Halbur, P. G.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Opriessnig, T.;Gimenez-Lirola, L. G.;Halbur, P. G.
猪呼吸道疾病在世界范围内的现代猪肉生产中很常见，通常被称为猪呼吸道疾病综合征（PRDC）。PRDC在本质上是多微生物的，并且由主要和次要呼吸道病原体的各种组合感染引起。作为一种真正的多因素疾病，环境条件、种群规模、管理策略和猪特异性因素（如年龄和遗传）也在PRDC的结果中发挥关键作用。虽然非感染性因素在PRDC病例的发生和结局中很重要，但本综述的重点仅在于感染性因素。存在多种通常与PRDC相关的病毒和细菌病原体，包括猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）、猪流感病毒（SIV）、猪圆环病毒2型（PCV 2）、猪肺炎支原体（MHYO）和多杀性巴氏杆菌（Pasteurella multocida，PMH3）。病毒性呼吸道疾病的发病机制通常与粘液纤毛器的破坏以及肺泡和血管内巨噬细胞功能的干扰和降低有关。细菌病原体通常通过增强的细胞因子应答激活炎症而促成PRDC。随着近年来病原体检测方法的进步，多微生物疾病的重要性已变得更加明显，病原体之间的相互作用及其疾病增强机制的鉴定已成为人们非常感兴趣的话题。例如，猪与典型的低致病性生物如PCV 2和MHYO的组合感染导致严重的呼吸道疾病。虽然在过去的15年里，知识体系有了很大的进步，但需要更多地了解由两种或多种病原体并发感染引起的猪呼吸道疾病暴发的发病机制和控制最佳实践。本文综述了猪多微生物呼吸道疾病的最新研究成果。
Respiratory disease in pigs is common in modern pork production worldwide and is often referred to as porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). PRDC is polymicrobial in nature, and results from infection with various combinations of primary and secondary respiratory pathogens. As a true multifactorial disease, environmental conditions, population size, management strategies and pig-specific factors such as age and genetics also play critical roles in the outcome of PRDC. While non-infectious factors are important in the initiation and outcome of cases of PRDC, the focus of this review is on infectious factors only. There are a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens commonly associated with PRDC including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MHYO) and Pasteurella multocida (PMULT). The pathogenesis of viral respiratory disease is typically associated with destruction of the mucocilliary apparatus and with interference and decrease of the function of pulmonary alveolar and intravascular macrophages. Bacterial pathogens often contribute to PRDC by activation of inflammation via enhanced cytokine responses. With recent advancements in pathogen detection methods, the importance of polymicrobial disease has become more evident, and identification of interactions of pathogens and their mechanisms of disease potentiation has become a topic of great interest. For example, combined infection of pigs with typically low pathogenic organisms like PCV2 and MHYO results in severe respiratory disease. Although the body of knowledge has advanced substantially in the last 15 years, much more needs to be learned about the pathogenesis and best practices for control of swine respiratory disease outbreaks caused by concurrent infection of two or more pathogens. This review discusses the latest findings on polymicrobial respiratory disease in pigs.