The Japanese Urban System: Spatial Organization of Major Enterprises
The Japanese Urban System: Spatial Organization of Major Enterprises
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日本城市体系：主要企业的空间组织
DOI：
10.4200/jjhg1948.54.389
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发表时间：
2002
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
T. Hanibuchi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
T. Hanibuchi
近年来，日本出现了高级功能向东京、地方首府和都道府县首府的三阶段单极集中。这种趋势被认为是主要企业空间组织变化的结果，其总/分公司位置就是例证。本文的目的是通过关注过去二十年主要企业空间组织的横向和纵向增长及其时间变化来调查日本的国家城市体系。本文共考察了2, 499家上市企业，数据取自钻石公司出版的《主要企业高管名录》和《机构设置手册》。研究结果可概括如下：首先，基于分支机构城市数对四类企业的空间组织进行分析发现，分支机构数量越多、规模越大，集中度越高。东京总公司。在这种情况下，地区首府城市作为行政中心往往会管辖地方城市。这表明企业的成长通常伴随着总公司职能向东京集中、分支机构网络横向增长和行政职能纵向/层级增长的过程。 其次，日本城市体系呈现出由东京作为战略中心、地方首府城市作为行政中心、都道府县城市作为地方商业中心三个阶段组成的层级结构。然而，区域首府城市也存在差异；具体来说，该系统显示出仙台和福冈等排名较高的城市与札幌和广岛等排名较低的城市之间存在差异的迹象。此外，大宫作为关东地区北部重要中心的发展以及名古屋和高松的停滞也值得注意。这一运动导致了国家明确的等级结构的瓦解和原有城市体系的重组。第三，对主要企业空间组织的时间变化的分析表明，20世纪80年代，地级市被选为分公司的新所在地，地区首府城市经历了行政职能的扩展，以等级提升的形式统一了地级市。然而，在20世纪90年代的经济衰退时期，分支机构的关闭/撤出以及小型企业并入大型企业的情况普遍增加，这表明企业的空间组织正在重组。在未来的研究中，我们将通过关注不同产业部门的差异以及研究各种附属企业，对日本的城市体系进行更详细的研究。
In recent years, a three-stage mono-polar concentration of higher functions into Tokyo, regional capitals and prefectural capitals has been under way in Japan. This trend is considered to have arisen as a result of the changing spatial organization of major enterprises, exemplified by their head/branch office locations. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the national urban system of Japan by focusing on the horizontal and vertical growth of the spatial organization of major enterprises and their temporal changes during the past two decades. A total of 2, 499 listed enterprises is examined here, and the data used were obtained from the Directory of Executives of Major Enterprises (kaisha shokuin roku) and Handbook of Organizations and Establishments (soshikizu jigyosho binran) published by the Diamond Inc.The findings can be summarized as follows:First, an analysis of the spatial organization of four enterprise categories based on the number of cities with branch offices reveals that the more branch offices a category has and the larger it is, the greater the concentration of head offices in Tokyo. In this situation, regional capital cities as administrative centers tend to preside over local cities. This suggests that growth of enterprise is generally accompanied by a process of concentration of head office functions into Tokyo, horizontal growth of the branch office network and vertical/hierarchical growth of administrative functions.Second, the Japanese urban system exhibits a hierarchical structure consisting of three stages: Tokyo as a strategic center, regional capital cities as administrative centers and prefectural capital cities as local business centers. However, a distinction is also observed in the case of regional capital cities; specifically, the system shows signs of differentiation between the higher rank cities of Sendai and Fukuoka and the lower rank cities of Sapporo and Hiroshima. Additionally, the growth of Omiya as a significant center in the northern portion of the Kanto region and the stagnation of Nagoya and Takamatsu are noteworthy. This movement has contributed to the collapse of a clear-cut hierarchical structure and the reorganization of the previously established urban system in the country.Third, an analysis of temporal changes in the spatial organization of the major enterprises under consideration reveals that, in the 1980s, the prefectural capital cities were chosen as the new locations of branch offices and the regional capital cities experienced an expansion of administrative functions in the form of rank elevation to unify the prefectural capitals. In the recessionary years of the 1990s, however, the closure/withdrawal of branch offices and the absorption of smaller ones into large ones generally increased, suggesting a restructuring of the spatial organization of the enterprises.In future research, we will proceed to a more detailed study of the Japanese urban system by devoting attention to differences according to industrial sector as well as studying a variety of affiliated enterprises.