Flood Risk and Reduction Approaches in Pakistan
Flood Risk and Reduction Approaches in Pakistan
复制标题
巴基斯坦的洪水风险和减少方法
DOI：
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
R. Shaw
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Atta;R. Shaw
在全球范围内，洪水是一种经常发生的破坏性现象。在与洪水有关的损失方面，约90%来自发展中国家，贫困是主要的风险因素，复原力较低。巴基斯坦也不例外，洪水是经常发生的不利事件。巴基斯坦由于其自然和气候特点，是世界上易发洪水的国家之一。印度河平原有1.2亿多人口，农业是主要的生计来源。他们中的大多数是社会上的贫困阶层和佃农。在67年（1947-2013年）的时间里，平均每4年一次严重的洪水袭击该国。人口增长、生态环境恶化和气候变化进一步加剧了洪涝灾害的风险。据估计，巴基斯坦经常遭受洪水灾害，迄今已造成11 239人死亡，其中1 985人死于2010年的特大洪水。这是一场世纪最严重的洪灾，2000万人受灾，10多万平方公里（占全国总面积的五分之一）被淹没，经济损失达100亿美元。自1947年巴基斯坦成立以来，一直在努力通过各种减少洪水的方法来建设复原力。现有的减少洪水战略包括结构性和非结构性措施。本章回顾了巴基斯坦与山洪和河流洪水有关的风险。并对历史上的洪水事件及其影响进行了分析讨论。此外，还讨论了巴基斯坦迄今采取的减少洪水风险的办法。
Globally, flood is a recurrently occurring damaging phenomenon. In terms of flood related damages, approximately 90 % is reported from the developing countries, where poverty is a major risk factor and holding low resilience. Pakistan has no exception to it, where flood is a frequently occurring adverse event. Pakistan is one of the flood prone countries in the world because of its physical and climatic characteristics. The Indus plain is occupied by more than 120 million population, where agriculture is a major source of livelihood earnings. Majority of them are poor section of the society and tenant cultivators. During the span of 67 years (1947–2013), on average of 4-year, a severe flood hit the country. The increasing population, degradation of ecological environment and the changing climate scenario have further multiplied the risk of flood disasters. It has been estimated that Pakistan is suffering from frequent flood disasters and so far 11,239 human lives were lost, out which 1,985 is reported from the super-flood of 2010. It was a century worst flood, where 20 million people were affected and over 100,000 km2 (1/5th of the country total area) inundated and ≈US$ 10 billion economic loss was registered. Since the inception of Pakistan 1947, efforts have been made for building resilience through various flood reduction approaches. The existing flood reduction strategies range from structural to non-structural measures. This chapter provides a review of risks associated with flash and river flooding in Pakistan. It also gives an analytical discussion on the historic flood events and their adverse impacts. In addition, the flood risk reduction approaches undertaken so far in Pakistan have also been discussed.