Macro Policies for Appropriate Technology: An Introductory Classification
Macro Policies for Appropriate Technology: An Introductory Classification
复制标题
适用技术的宏观政策：介绍性分类
DOI：
10.1007/978-1-349-17907-7_2
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发表时间：
1985
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
F. Stewart
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
F. Stewart
在每一种情况下，关于技术的实际决定都发生在微观层面。也就是说，当一项投资决策被做出时，它体现了一种特定的技术，这一决策是由生产单位内的决策者做出的。所讨论的生产单位可以是一个在世界各地都有活动的大型组织，如跨国公司，也可以是一个非常小的单位，如家族企业或农场。无论单位的规模有多大，这里的决策水平都被定义为微观的，因为决策是由有关单位根据自己的目标和资源作出的。2但是，虽然每一项决定都是在微观层面上作出的，但这些决定受到发生这些决定的外部环境的强烈影响。除了直接干预--当政府自己作出特定的投资/技术决定时--政府只能通过影响这一外部环境来影响技术决定。直接干预往往局限于整个技术决策的一小部分，尤其是在混合经济中。因此，政府对技术决策的最大潜在影响表现为对决策单位外部环境的影响。尽管如此，适当的技术机构往往将它们的活动限制在直接干预范围内。相反，本文认为政府政策会影响微观决策的环境
In every case, an actual decision about technology takes place at the micro level. That is to say, when an investment decision is made, which embodies a particular technology, this decision is made by decision-makers within a productive unit. The productive unit in question may be a large organisation with worldwide activities, such as a multinational corporation, or it may be a very small unit, such as a family firm or farm. Whatever the size of the unit, the level of decision-making is defined here as micro, since the decisions are taken by the units in question in the light of their own objectives and resources. 2 But while each decision takes place at the micro level, these decisions are strongly influenced by the external environment in which they take place. Apart from direct interventions-when governments themselves make particular investment/technology decisions-governments can only influence technology decisions by influencing this external environment. Direct interventions tend to be confined to a small part of total technology decisions, especially in a mixed economy. Hence government's greatest potential influence on technology decisions takes the form of influencing the decisionmaking unit's external environment. Despite this, the appropriate technology institutions have tended to confine their activities to direct intervention. 3 In contrast, this paper considers government policies to affect the environment in which micro decision-making