Living on the edge: spatial response of coyotes ( Canis latrans ) to wolves ( Canis lupus ) in the subarctic
Living on the edge: spatial response of coyotes ( Canis latrans ) to wolves ( Canis lupus ) in the subarctic
复制标题
生活在边缘：亚北极地区土狼（Canis latrans）对狼（Canis lupus）的空间反应
DOI：
10.1139/cjz-2020-0050
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
1.4
通讯作者：
Prugh, Laura R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Klauder, Kaija;Borg, Bridget L.;Prugh, Laura R.
了解中层捕食者如何管理与顶端捕食者相关的风险，是解释顶端捕食者对中层捕食者种群和中层捕食者空间使用模式的影响的关键。在这里，我们研究了郊狼(Canis latransSay，1823)对狼(Canis lupusLinneeus，1758)构成的风险的空间反应，使用的是来自美国亚北极阿拉斯加的共域个体的数据，这些个体安装了GPS项圈，接近郊狼的北方范围极限。我们表明，郊狼并不是普遍地避开狼，而是表现出对狼的接近和狼对景观的长期利用的特定季节的反应。具体地说，郊狼在夏天从躲避狼转变为更喜欢冬天有狼的地区，这种选择在短期和长期的时间尺度上都是一致的。在夏季，郊狼在开阔地带对狼的风险的反应不如在封闭植被中的反应强烈。我们还证明，郊狼维持着非常大的领土，平均为291平方公里，年存活率很低(0.50)，大型食肉动物是最大的死亡来源。这种基于季节和土地覆盖的吸引和回避的组合表明，中掠食者使用复杂的行为策略来调节顶端捕食者的影响。
Understanding how mesopredators manage the risks associated with apex predators is key to explaining impacts of apex predators on mesopredator populations and patterns of mesopredator space use. Here we examine the spatial response of coyotes (Canis latransSay, 1823) to risk posed by wolves (Canis lupusLinnaeus, 1758) using data from sympatric individuals fitted with GPS collars in subarctic Alaska, USA, near the northern range limit for coyotes. We show that coyotes do not universally avoid wolves, but instead demonstrate season-specific responses to both wolf proximity and long-term use of the landscape by wolves. Specifically, coyotes switched from avoiding wolves in summer to preferring areas with wolves in winter, and this selection was consistent across short-term and longer term temporal scales. In the summer, coyotes responded less strongly to risk of wolves when in open areas than when in closed vegetation. We also demonstrate that coyotes maintain extremely large territories averaging 291 km2, and experience low annual survival (0.50) with large carnivores being the largest source of mortality. This combination of attraction and avoidance predicated on season and landcover suggests that mesopredators use complex behavioral strategies to mediate the effects of apex predators.