Current and future levels of mercury atmospheric pollution on a global scale
Current and future levels of mercury atmospheric pollution on a global scale
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DOI：
10.5194/acp-16-12495-2016
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发表时间：
2016-10-06
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Kindbom, Karin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pacyna, Jozef M.;Travnikov, Oleg;Kindbom, Karin
根据欧盟全球汞观测系统（GMOS）项目执行期间获得的结果，对全球范围内汞的当前和未来排放、空气浓度和大气沉积进行了评估。编制汞排放估算的主要目标是将其应用于模型，以评估该污染物当前（2013年）和未来（2035年）的空气浓度和大气沉积。目前，发电厂、工业和民用锅炉中燃烧化石燃料（主要是煤炭）以产生能源和热量，以及手工和小规模采金业是人类向大气排放汞的主要来源之一。这些来源分别占全球人为汞排放总量的37%和25%，估计约为2000吨。亚洲国家，特别是中国和印度的汞排放量在汞总排放量中占主导地位。目前对自然过程（初级汞排放和再排放）的汞排放（包括汞消耗事件）的估计为5，207吨/年（-1），占全球汞排放预算的近70%。海洋是最重要的来源（36%），其次是生物质燃烧（9%）。将三种不同情景下估计的2035年人为排放量与当前人为排放量进行比较表明，在最好的情况下，2035年这些排放量将减少85%。两个全球化学迁移模型（GLEMOS和ECHMERIT）已被用于评估未来的汞污染水平，同时考虑到未来的排放情景。这些模型对2035年三种人为排放情景模拟的全球范围内汞沉积未来变化预测表明，在最佳情景下，北方半球的沉积量将减少50%，南半球将减少35%。事实证明，欧盟的全球监测和监督项目是一个非常重要的研究工具，有助于为《水俣公约》提供科学依据，并监测该公约目标以及欧盟汞战略的执行情况。该项目提供了最新汞排放清单、未来排放设想方案、全球和区域范围大气汞扩散模型以及全球范围汞排放分配的来源-受体技术的最新发展水平。
An assessment of current and future emissions, air concentrations, and atmospheric deposition of mercury worldwide is presented on the basis of results obtained during the performance of the EU GMOS (Global Mercury Observation System) project. Emission estimates for mercury were prepared with the main goal of applying them in models to assess current (2013) and future (2035) air concentrations and atmospheric deposition of this contaminant. The combustion of fossil fuels (mainly coal) for energy and heat production in power plants and in industrial and residential boilers, as well as artisanal and small-scale gold mining, is one of the major anthropogenic sources of Hg emissions to the atmosphere at present. These sources account for about 37 and 25% of the total anthropogenic Hg emissions globally, estimated to be about 2000 t. Emissions in Asian countries, particularly in China and India, dominate the total emissions of Hg. The current estimates of mercury emissions from natural processes (primary mercury emissions and re-emissions), including mercury depletion events, were estimated to be 5207 t year(-1), which represents nearly 70% of the global mercury emission budget. Oceans are the most important sources (36 %), followed by biomass burning (9 %). A comparison of the 2035 anthropogenic emissions estimated for three different scenarios with current anthropogenic emissions indicates a reduction of these emissions in 2035 up to 85% for the best-case scenario. Two global chemical transport models (GLEMOS and ECHMERIT) have been used for the evaluation of future mercury pollution levels considering future emission scenarios. Projections of future changes in mercury deposition on a global scale simulated by these models for three anthropogenic emissions scenarios of 2035 indicate a decrease in up to 50% deposition in the Northern Hemisphere and up to 35% in Southern Hemisphere for the best-case scenario. The EU GMOS project has proved to be a very important research instrument for supporting the scientific justification for the Minamata Convention and monitoring of the implementation of targets of this convention, as well as the EU Mercury Strategy. This project provided the state of the art with regard to the development of the latest emission inventories for mercury, future emission scenarios, dispersion modelling of atmospheric mercury on a global and regional scale, and source-receptor techniques for mercury emission apportionment on a global scale.