EVOLUTION OF EFFICIENT METHODS TO SAMPLE LEAD SOURCES, SUCH AS HOUSE DUST AND HAND DUST, IN THE HOMES OF CHILDREN
EVOLUTION OF EFFICIENT METHODS TO SAMPLE LEAD SOURCES, SUCH AS HOUSE DUST AND HAND DUST, IN THE HOMES OF CHILDREN
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DOI：
10.1016/0013-9351(85)90074-x
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发表时间：
1985-01-01
影响因子：
8.3
通讯作者：
HAMMOND, PB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
HEE, SSQ;PEACE, B;HAMMOND, PB
已经制定了回收含铅房屋粉尘和手尘的有效采样方法，以便收集足够的铅进行分析，并确保将这两个参数与血铅联系起来的相关分析不依赖于采样效率。用泰根或不锈钢采样管连接到便携式采样泵(1.2至2.5升/分钟)，从1个单位的面积(484cm2)中精确收集散落的房屋粉尘需要重复采样(三次)。对于直径177μm的松散房屋粉尘，泰根管采样技术在粉尘重量和铅收集方面的效率约为72%。一种具有代表性的房屋灰尘在这一部分中含有其总重量的81%。仅用一次手部涂抹的松散粉尘就不能达到令人满意的效率或精确度，至少需要三次手部抹布才能回收80%的涂抹铅。不同颗粒大小的室内灰尘与手的粘附性同样良好。含铅物质的分析通常需要使用热板或微波技术进行至少三次消化/倾倒，以便至少回收90%的铅。有人建议其他研究人员验证他们的擦手、房屋灰尘采样和消化技术，以便于跨研究结果的比较。辛辛那提纵向研究的最后方法是使用不锈钢采样管对表面灰尘进行三次采样；对灰尘和油漆进行三次微波消解/降温；以及使用三次手擦和一次消解/降温对六种手巾进行分析。
Efficient sampling methods to recover lead-containing house dust and hand dust have been evolved so that sufficient lead is collected for analysis, and to ensure that correlational analyses linking these two parameters to blood lead are not dependent on the efficiency of sampling. Precise collection of loose house dust from a 1-unit area (484 cm2) with a Tygon or stainless steel sampling tube connected to a portable sampling pump (1.2 to 2.5 liters/min) required repetitive sampling (three times). The Tygon tube sampling technique for loose house dust <177 μm in diameter was around 72% efficient with respect to dust weight and lead collection. A representative house dust contained 81% of its total weight in this fraction. A single handwipe for applied loose hand dust was not acceptably efficient or precise, and at least three wipes were necessary to achieve recoveries of >80% of the lead applied. House dusts of different particle sizes <246 μm adhered equally well to hands. Analysis of lead-containing material usually required at least three digestions/decantations using hot plate or microwave techniques to allow at least 90% of the lead to be recovered. It was recommended that other investigators validate their handwiping, house dust sampling, and digestion techniques to facilitate comparison of results across studies. The final methodology for the Cincinnati longitudinal study was three sampling passes for surface dust using a stainless steel sampling tube; three microwave digestions/decantations for analysis of dust and paint; and three wipes with handwipes with one digestion/decantation for the analysis of six handwipes together.