Getting to Know "The Known Unknowns": Heterogeneity in the Oral Microbiome.
Getting to Know "The Known Unknowns": Heterogeneity in the Oral Microbiome.
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DOI：
10.1177/0022034517735293
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发表时间：
2018-02-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Burne, R A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Burne, R A
DNA测序的技术进步为健康和疾病中口腔微生物组的组成提供了前所未有的见解，RNA测序和代谢组学相关技术开始产生有关这些生物体活动的信息。重要的是，这一领域的进展使科学界更接近于理解什么是健康相关的微生物组，并支持健康场所的微生物群在促进健康和抑制显性和机会性病原体的获得，持久性和活动方面发挥积极作用的概念。越来越清楚的是，开发确定健康微生物组和有益细菌促进健康的机制的结论性证据的一个重大障碍是，口腔植物群中最丰富的成员的固有特征，即那些可能在健康和疾病中发挥最大作用的成员，是种内基因组多样性。特别是，丰富的链球菌和致病性链球菌的单个分离株在基因含量上表现出巨大的变异性，这种变异性表现为巨大的表型异质性。由于这些细菌对环境输入的高度敏感性，导致其行为发生快速而显著的波动，而且往往只发生在生物体的亚群内，因此对这种多样性的后果的分析变得复杂起来。因此，研究口腔微生物群的条件可以在物种内和物种之间产生广泛不同的结果。幸运的是，成本的不断降低以及测序和代谢组学的不断改进，使研究口腔微生物组变得切实可行，从而对个体生物体的功能有足够深入的了解，并揭示这些微生物之间复杂的相互关系（“已知的未知”）的方式，研究人员将能够从事可靠和经济的风险评估和预防性治疗的合理设计。
Technological advances in DNA sequencing have provided unprecedented insights into the composition of the oral microbiome in health and disease, and RNA-sequencing and metabolomics-related technologies are beginning to yield information on the activities of these organisms. Importantly, progress in this area has brought the scientific community closer to an understanding of what constitutes a health-associated microbiome and is supporting the notion that the microbiota in healthy sites assumes an active role in promoting health and suppressing the acquisition, persistence, and activities of overt and opportunistic pathogens. It is also becoming clear that a significant impediment to developing a conclusive body of evidence that defines a healthy microbiome and the mechanisms by which beneficial bacteria promote health is that an inherent characteristic of the most abundant members of the oral flora, those that potentially play the greatest roles in health and disease, is intraspecies genomic diversity. In particular, individual isolates of abundant commensal and pathogenic streptococci show tremendous variability in gene content, and this variability manifests in tremendous phenotypic heterogeneity. Analysis of the consequences of this diversity has been complicated by the exquisite sensitivity these bacteria have evolved to environmental inputs, inducing rapid and substantial fluctuations in behaviors, and often only within subpopulations of the organisms. Thus, the conditions under which the oral microbiota is studied can produce widely different results within and between species. Fortunately, continually diminishing costs and ongoing refinements in sequencing and metabolomics are making it practical to study the oral microbiome at a level that will create a sufficiently robust understanding of the functions of individual organisms and reveal the complex interrelationships of these microbes ("the known unknowns") in a way that researchers will be able to engage in the rational design of reliable and economical risk assessments and preventive therapies.