Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbon Nanosheets as Low-Cost, High-Performance Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries
Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbon Nanosheets as Low-Cost, High-Performance Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries
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DOI：
10.1002/cssc.201200680
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发表时间：
2013-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
8.4
通讯作者：
Zhang, Xin-bo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wang, Heng-guo;Wu, Zhong;Zhang, Xin-bo
在过去的几年里，锂离子电池（LIB）的成功开发使其占据了便携式电子产品市场，并且它们在大规模储能领域发挥着越来越大的作用，例如在电动汽车和可再生能源存储的应用中。由于这种日益增长的重要性，对锂离子电池提出了更高的要求，这增加了对锂的高成本和有限储量的担忧。[1]与锂形成鲜明对比的是，钠资源无疑是取之不尽、无处不在和环境友好的，这些因素激发了全世界对钠离子电池（NIB）作为LIB低成本替代品的兴趣。[2]然而，由于钠离子是Ca。由于钠离子比锂离子大55%，因此找到具有足够大的间隙空间以容纳钠离子并允许可逆且快速的离子插入和提取的合适的主体材料是非常困难的。众所周知，石墨（当今商业LIB中的主要阳极材料）不适用于钠基系统，因为钠离子几乎不与石墨形成分级插层化合物。[3]无序碳似乎是NIB的最合适的阳极材料。例如，以前的开创性工作已经证明了在各种碳质材料中可逆的钠离子嵌入，如石油焦，[4]炭黑，[5]碳纤维，[6]和热解碳。[7]不久前，唐。证明了使用空心碳纳米球，从葡萄糖热解乳胶模板的存在下，作为超级阳极材料的NIB。[2b]后来，Cao等人报道了由热解的中空聚苯胺纳米线前体制备的中空碳纳米线显示出251mAhgg-1的高可逆容量和超过400次循环的优异循环稳定性。[2c]虽然取得了很大进展，但NIB目前仍处于起步阶段。迫切需要大的改进，并且合适的电极材料处于列表的首位。二维碳纳米结构，特别是二维多孔碳材料，正被越来越多地研究用于能量存储/转换器件。与块体电极相比，它们在功率和能量密度方面提供了显著的改进，因为它们能够实现与电解质接触的大的表面积与体积比、通过电极的电子的连续传导路径以及电池操作期间的容易的应变松弛。[8]此外，杂原子的掺入似乎是提高容量、表面润湿性和电子导电性的最有前途的方法。[9]例如，碳表面上氮物质的存在可导致电解质离子与含氮官能团之间的赝电容相互作用。[9b]通过化学气相沉积、NH3热处理、氮等离子体处理和电弧放电等方法制备了多种氮掺杂碳材料。[10]然而，这些方法具有或多或少的严重缺点，例如需要有毒前体、复杂设备、特殊仪器和/或苛刻条件。因此，通过简单的方法制备氮掺杂碳材料仍然是一个挑战。[9e因为两种策略，即使用2D多孔碳材料和引入杂原子，导致电化学性能的改善，所以对开发将它们联合收割机组合的碳纳米结构有很大的兴趣。然而，据我们所知，目前还没有关于2D碳材料制造的报道，也没有关于多孔碳材料使用的报道。
During the past years the successful development of lithiumion batteries (LIBs) has led to them seizing the portable electronics market, and they are playing an ever-growing role in the field of large-scale energy storage, for example in applications for electric vehicles and renewable energy storage. The higher demands placed on LIBs as a result of this growing importance has increased concern about the high costs and the limited reserves of lithium.[1] In sharp contrast to lithium, sodium resources are beyond doubt practically inexhaustible, ubiquitous, and environmentally benign, and these factors have stimulated worldwide interest in sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) as a low-cost alternative to LIBs.[2] However, because the sodium ion is ca. 55% larger than the lithium ion, finding suitable host materials with sufficiently large interstitial space to accommodate sodium ions and to allow reversible and rapid ion insertion and extraction is very difficult. It is well-established that graphite, the dominant anode material in today’s commercial LIBs, is not suitable for sodium-based systems because sodium ions hardly form staged intercalation compounds with graphite.[3] Disordered carbon appears to be the most suitable anode material for NIBs. For example, previous pioneering works have demonstrated reversible sodium ion intercalation in a variety of carbonaceous materials such as petroleum cokes,[4] carbon black,[5] carbon fiber,[6] and pyrolytic carbon.[7] Very recently, Tang etal. demonstrated the use of hollow carbon nanospheres, obtained from glucose pyrolyzed in the presence of latex templates, as superior-rate anode materials for NIBs.[2b] Later, Cao et al. reported that hollow carbon nanowires, prepared from a pyrolyzed hollow polyaniline nanowire precursor, display a high reversible capacity of 251mAhgÀ1 and excellent cycling stability over 400 cycles.[2c] Although much progress has been realized, NIBs are currently still in their infancy. Great improvements are urgently needed, and suitable electrode materials are at the top of the list. Two-dimensional carbon nanostructures, especially 2D porous carbon materials, are being increasingly researched for energy storage/conversion devices. They offer significant improvements in power and energy density compared to bulk electrodes because they enable large surface-to-volume ratios for contact with the electrolyte, continuous conducting pathways through the electrodes for electrons, and facile strain relaxation during battery operation.[8] Further, the incorporation of heteroatoms seems to be the most promising method for enhancing capacity, surface wettability, and electronic conductivity.[9] For example, the presence of nitrogen species on a carbon surface can lead to a pseudocapacitive interaction between the electrolyte ions and the nitrogen-containing functional groups.[9b] Many nitrogen-doped carbon materials have been prepared by chemical vapor deposition, thermal annealing with NH3, nitrogen plasma treatment, and the arc-discharge method.[10] However, these methods suffer from moreor less-severe drawbacks, such as the requirement of toxic precursors, sophisticated equipment, special instruments, and/or rigorous conditions. Therefore, the preparation of nitrogendoped carbon materials by a facile method is still a challenge.[9e, f] Because both strategies, that is, the use of 2D porous carbon materials and introducing heteroatoms, result in improved electrochemical performances, there is a large interest in developing carbon nanostructures that combine them. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no report on the fabrication of 2D carbon materials, nor on the use of porous …