Acoustic masking in marine ecosystems: intuitions, analysis, and implication
Acoustic masking in marine ecosystems: intuitions, analysis, and implication
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DOI：
10.3354/meps08402
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发表时间：
2009-01-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Ponirakis, Dimitri
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Clark, Christopher W.;Ellison, William T.;Ponirakis, Dimitri
人为噪声的声掩蔽越来越多地被认为是对海洋哺乳动物的威胁，特别是像须鲸这样的低频专家。近几十年来，低频海洋噪声有所增加，通常是在海洋哺乳动物季节性种群的栖息地，这引起了人们的关注，即噪声长期影响个人和种群的生活史。与可能对个人产生严重影响的强烈人为来源造成的人身伤害不同，长期噪声源的掩蔽很难在个人或群体层面上量化，由此产生的影响甚至更难评估。本文提出了一种分析范式来量化由于背景噪声的空间、光谱和时间变化而引起的动物声通信空间的变化，给出了自由放养动物通信掩蔽的功能定义和量化通信掩蔽潜力的度量。我们使用声纳方程，结合建模和分析技术，以及来自经验数据的测量，计算出鸣鳍(Balaenoptera Physalus)、鸣叫座头鲸(Megoptera Novaeangliae)和呼唤鲸(Eubalaena Glicialis)的潜在交流空间随时间的变化空间图。这些说明了如何将由于不同级别的噪声而测量的通信空间损失转换为通信掩蔽的时变测量。所提出的衡量通信掩蔽水平的范例和机制可以应用于不同的物种、背景、声生境和海洋噪声场景，以估计掩蔽在个体和种群水平上的潜在影响。
Acoustic masking from anthropogenic noise is increasingly being considered as a threat to marine mammals, particularly low-frequency specialists such as baleen whales. Low-frequency ocean noise has increased in recent decades, often in habitats with seasonally resident populations of marine mammals, raising concerns that noise chronically influences life histories of individuals and populations. In contrast to physical harm from intense anthropogenic sources, which can have acute impacts on individuals, masking from chronic noise sources has been difficult to quantify at individual or population levels, and resulting effects have been even more difficult to assess. This paper presents an analytical paradigm to quantify changes in an animal's acoustic communication space as a result of spatial, spectral, and temporal changes in background noise, providing a functional definition of communication masking for free-ranging animals and a metric to quantify the potential for communication masking. We use the sonar equation, a combination of modeling and analytical techniques, and measurements from empirical data to calculate time-varying spatial maps of potential communication space for singing fin (Balaenoptera physalus), singing humpback (Megoptera novaeangliae), and calling right (Eubalaena glacialis) whales. These illustrate how the measured loss of communication space as a result of differing levels of noise is converted into a time-varying measure of communication masking. The proposed paradigm and mechanisms for measuring levels of communication masking can be applied to different species, contexts, acoustic habitats and ocean noise scenes to estimate the potential impacts of masking at the individual and population levels.