A risk based assessment approach for chemical mixtures from wastewater treatment plant effluents
A risk based assessment approach for chemical mixtures from wastewater treatment plant effluents
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envint.2022.107234
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发表时间：
2022-04-25
影响因子：
11.8
通讯作者：
Brack, Werner
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Finckh, Saskia;Beckers, Liza-Marie;Brack, Werner
在这项研究中，研究了来自52个欧洲废水处理厂（WWTP）的56个废水样品，以出现499种新兴化学物质（ECS）及其对环境的潜在风险。这两个主要目标是（i）扩展我们对处理过的废水中发生的化学物质的知识，（ii）基于三种不同的风险评估方法来识别和确定关注的化合物，以识别共识混合物的风险驱动因素。方法包括（i）基于PNEC和EQS的监管风险商（RQ），（ii）物种敏感性分布（SSD）的危害单位（HUS）和（III）有毒单位（TUS），用于三个生物学质量元素（BQE）藻类，甲壳类动物和鱼。为此，通过液相色谱高分辨率质谱法（LC-HRMS）对固体相提取物进行分析，从而产生366种检测到的化合物，浓度范围为<1 ng/L至> 100 mU。 g/l。将检测到的化学物质归类于与风险评估和管理优先级相关的关键信息，包括：（1）发生频率，（2）测量浓度，（3）使用组，（4）持久性和生物积累和（5）模式行动。使用RQ，HU和TU进行的全面评估表明，对于大多数RQ是最敏感的度量，大多数废水的风险阈值超出了风险阈值。总共将366种化合物中的299种被确定为其中一种方法的混合风险促进因子，而将32种化学物质作为共识混合物的风险促进者建立，包括高百分比（66％）的农药和杀菌剂。对于已经通过臭氧或活性碳（AC）通过晚期治疗的样品，估计风险始终降低。
In this study, 56 effluent samples from 52 European wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated for the occurrence of 499 emerging chemicals (ECs) and their associated potential risks to the environment. The two main objectives were (i) to extend our knowledge on chemicals occurring in treated wastewater, and (ii) to identify and prioritize compounds of concern based on three different risk assessment approaches for the identification of consensus mixture risk drivers of concern. Approaches include (i) PNEC and EQS-based regulatory risk quotients (RQs), (ii) species sensitivity distribution (SSD)-based hazard units (HUs) and (iii) toxic units (TUs) for three biological quality elements (BQEs) algae, crustacean, and fish. For this purpose, solid-phase extracts were analysed with wide-scope chemical target screening via liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), resulting in 366 detected compounds, with concentrations ranging from < 1 ng/L to > 100 mu g/L. The detected chemicals were categorized with respect to critical information relevant for risk assessment and management prioritization including: (1) frequency of occurrence, (2) measured concentrations, (3) use groups, (4) persistence & bioaccumulation, and (5) modes of action. A comprehensive assessment using RQ, HU and TU indicated exceedance of risk thresholds for the majority of effluents with RQ being the most sensitive metric. In total, 299 out of the 366 compounds were identified as mixture risk contributors in one of the approaches, while 32 chemicals were established as consensus mixture risk contributors of high concern, including a high percentage (66%) of pesticides and biocides. For samples which have passed an advanced treatment using ozonation or activated carbon (AC), consistently much lower risks were estimated.