Maritime Southeast Asia Between South Asia and China to the Sixteenth Century
Maritime Southeast Asia Between South Asia and China to the Sixteenth Century
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16 世纪南亚和中国之间的东南亚海洋
DOI：
10.1017/trn.2013.15
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Tansen Sen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Tansen Sen
16世纪以前，东南亚海域在连接南亚和中国方面发挥了重要但不同的作用。在商业交流方面，东南亚的贸易商、船只和政治促进了货物的流动，有时还控制着货物的流动。此外，南亚商会和中国在东南亚建立了基地，参与孟加拉湾和南海中国海区的贸易活动。这些海上互动至少形成了三个不同的网络：1)孟加拉湾周边政体之间的交流网络；2)连接南中国海周边地区的网络；以及3)南亚和中国之间的直接交流网络。佛教思想也通过这些网络传播，但在公元5世纪之前，似乎在东南亚的海域取得了有限的进展。此时，佛教已在中国广泛传播，大批佛教传教士通过海上路线抵达该地区。佛教并没有在佛教向中国的传播中起到阶段性的作用，而是可能已经渗透到了东南亚海上，因为佛教的活跃互动，以及在公元4世纪和5世纪连接南亚和中国的网络上商业活动的显著增加。利用佛教使中国的新政权合法化，以及东南亚政治和这些宫廷之间的外交交流，可能也促进了佛教在该地区的传播。
Abstract The maritime regions of Southeast Asia played an important but varying role in connecting South Asia and China prior to the sixteenth century. With regard to commercial exchanges, traders, ships, and polities in Southeast Asia facilitated and sometimes controlled the flow of goods. Additionally, merchant associations from South Asia and China established their bases in Southeast Asia to participate in trading activities in the Bay of Bengal and South China Sea regions. At least three distinct networks emerged as a result of these maritime interactions: 1) networks of exchanges among the polities skirting the Bay of Bengal; 2) networks that connected the areas around the South China Sea; and 3) networks of direct exchanges between South Asia and China. Buddhist ideas also circulated through these networks, but seem to have made limited inroads in the maritime regions of Southeast Asia prior to the fifth century AD. By this time, Buddhism had already spread widely in China, with significant number of Buddhist missionaries arriving in the region through the maritime routes. Rather than playing a staging role in the transmission of Buddhism to China, the doctrine may have penetrated maritime Southeast Asia due to the vibrant Buddhist interactions and a significant increase in commercial activity along the networks linking South Asia and China during the fourth and fifth centuries. The use of Buddhism to legitimise new regimes in China and the diplomatic exchanges between Southeast Asian polities and these courts may have also facilitated the spread of Buddhism in the region.