Foreign-investment-induced Exo-urbanisation in the Pearl River Delta, China
Foreign-investment-induced Exo-urbanisation in the Pearl River Delta, China
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DOI：
10.1080/0042098975961
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发表时间：
1997-04
期刊：
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
V. Sit;Chun Yang
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
V. Sit;Chun Yang
1949年至1978年，在自力更生的中央计划经济体制下，中国的城市化主要是由内部力量推动的。自1978年改革开放以来，外部力量，特别是外资流入，已经成为中国部分地区城市化的新动力，特别是在华南的珠江三角洲（三角洲）。本研究调查了这种新型城市化的性质和模式，我们将其称为外（生）城市化。流入三角洲的外商直接投资主要是来自香港和澳门的中小规模、劳动密集型、加工型制造业和贸易创意投资。它显示了在东道地区的城市层级中有利于小城市和县的空间趋势，以及明显的边界取向。这与大多数欠发展国家集中在大都市或经济核心区形成鲜明对比。这种外国直接投资同内部改革相互作用，使三角洲在1978- 1993年期间发生重大变化，例如经济结构调整、农村工业化、出口导向型经济的出现及其与世界经济的迅速一体化。它还造成了大量人口的迁移和戏剧性的景观变化。简而言之，三角洲的外城市化表明，小型城市中心（尤其是与香港和澳门接壤的城市）的主要增长，因此三角洲的城市化水平更加平等，而广州（该地区的灵长类城市）的首要地位正在下降。然而，三角洲地区的非城市化也引发了社会和环境方面的质疑，以及对其持久性的质疑。三角洲地区的外国直接投资流入和新形成的出口导向型工业化和城市增长显然受到世界市场变化的影响。尽管如此，当代城市化理论仍应重视外部力量的作用。进一步研究外城市化不仅对外国投资密集流入地区的发展和规划具有实际意义，而且可以丰富有关全球化进程及其对发展中国家影响的文献。
Urbanisation in the People's Republic of China during 1949-78 was mainly driven by internal forces under a self-reliant, centrally planned economic system. Since the Opening and Reform initiated in 1978, external forces, especially foreign investment inflow, have emerged as a new driving force of urbanisation in some parts of China, particularly in the Pearl River Delta (the Delta) of South China. This study investigates the nature and pattern of this new type of urbanisation, which we label as exo(genous)-urbanisation. Foreign direct investment (FDI) into the Delta is mainly characterised by small and medium-scale, labour-intensive, processing-types of manufacturing and trade-creative investment coming from Hong Kong and Macao. It shows a spatial tendency within the host region's urban hierarchy in favour of small cities and counties and a distinct border orientation. This contrasts with the concentration in large metropolises or economic core regions found in most less developing countries. Such FDI has interacted with internal reforms to effect significant changes in the Delta during 1978-93, such as economic restructuring, rural industrialisation, the emergence of an export-oriented economy and its rapid integration with the world economy. It has also generated massive population in-migration and dramatic landscape transformation there. Put simply, exo-urbanisation in the Delta shows a predominant growth of small urban centres particularly those along the border with Hong Kong and Macao and hence a more equal level of urbanisation in the Delta and a declining primacy of Guangzhou, the regional primate city. However, exo-urbanisation in the Delta also raises doubts on social and environmental fronts as well as on its durability. The FDI inflow and the newly created export-oriented industrialisation and urban growth in the Delta are obviously subject to vicissitudes of the world market. In spite of this, contemporary urbanisation theories should give attention to the role of external forces. Further studies on exo-urbanisation are not only practical for development and planning in areas under intensive inflow of foreign investment, but could also enrich the literature on the globalisation process and its impacts on the developing countries.